Most of the existing routing protocols for heterogeneous multi-hop wireless networks （HWMNs） use on-demand routing protocols owing to their suitability for dynamic topology environments, but it causes wastes of netw...Most of the existing routing protocols for heterogeneous multi-hop wireless networks （HWMNs） use on-demand routing protocols owing to their suitability for dynamic topology environments, but it causes wastes of network resources with large number of data packets being broadcast. Furthermore, some nodes in heterogeneous wireless multi-hop networksmay be malicious or selfish nodes which can easily lead to link attacks. A novel routing protocol called trust-based secure routing protocol with auxiliary of nodes＇ location information （TSRAL） is proposed for the establishment of a secure routing protocol with a lower overhead for HWMNs which combines the location information and trust value of nodes to select the next forwarding nodes. The destination node selects an optimal path from multiple paths according to the total trust value and the hop number of routes. Simulation results demonstrate that TSRAL can not only reduce the number of hops and data packets being broadcast in the process of routing but also ensure the safety of the route.展开更多
1 Introduction Grassland degradation in China's northem steppe has been a major and increasingly serious problem affecting the productivity and sustainability of pastoral systems.The economic and property rights r...1 Introduction Grassland degradation in China's northem steppe has been a major and increasingly serious problem affecting the productivity and sustainability of pastoral systems.The economic and property rights reforms in the early 1980s dramatically modified grazing management and resource institutions in the area.Livestock were privatized,but most of the pastures were jointly used by all herding households or small groups within villages.When a seemingly accelerating deterioration of grassland condition was observed through the 1980s and 1990s,numerous research and government reports suggested that the reform had created the classic problem of resource degradation from privately owned animals grazing on common land (Hardin 1968).At the same time,pastures allocated to and actually controlled by individual households also were subject to overexploitation caused by perceived institutional uncertainties (Longworth and Williamson 1993).展开更多
文摘Most of the existing routing protocols for heterogeneous multi-hop wireless networks （HWMNs） use on-demand routing protocols owing to their suitability for dynamic topology environments, but it causes wastes of network resources with large number of data packets being broadcast. Furthermore, some nodes in heterogeneous wireless multi-hop networksmay be malicious or selfish nodes which can easily lead to link attacks. A novel routing protocol called trust-based secure routing protocol with auxiliary of nodes＇ location information （TSRAL） is proposed for the establishment of a secure routing protocol with a lower overhead for HWMNs which combines the location information and trust value of nodes to select the next forwarding nodes. The destination node selects an optimal path from multiple paths according to the total trust value and the hop number of routes. Simulation results demonstrate that TSRAL can not only reduce the number of hops and data packets being broadcast in the process of routing but also ensure the safety of the route.
文摘1 Introduction Grassland degradation in China's northem steppe has been a major and increasingly serious problem affecting the productivity and sustainability of pastoral systems.The economic and property rights reforms in the early 1980s dramatically modified grazing management and resource institutions in the area.Livestock were privatized,but most of the pastures were jointly used by all herding households or small groups within villages.When a seemingly accelerating deterioration of grassland condition was observed through the 1980s and 1990s,numerous research and government reports suggested that the reform had created the classic problem of resource degradation from privately owned animals grazing on common land (Hardin 1968).At the same time,pastures allocated to and actually controlled by individual households also were subject to overexploitation caused by perceived institutional uncertainties (Longworth and Williamson 1993).
