图节点的低维嵌入在各种预测任务中是非常有用的,如蛋白质功能预测、内容推荐等。然而,多数方法不能自然推广到不可见节点。图采样聚合算法(Graph Sample and Aggregate,Graphsage)虽然可以提高不可见节点生成嵌入的速度,但容易引入噪...图节点的低维嵌入在各种预测任务中是非常有用的,如蛋白质功能预测、内容推荐等。然而,多数方法不能自然推广到不可见节点。图采样聚合算法(Graph Sample and Aggregate,Graphsage)虽然可以提高不可见节点生成嵌入的速度,但容易引入噪声数据,且生成的节点嵌入的表示能力不高。为此,文中提出了一种基于KNN与矩阵变换的图节点嵌入归纳式学习算法。首先,通过KNN选取K个邻节点;然后,根据聚合函数生成聚合信息;最后,利用矩阵变换与全连接层对聚合信息和节点信息进行计算,得到新的节点嵌入。为了有效权衡计算时间与性能,文中提出一种新的聚合函数,对邻节点特征运用最大池化作为聚合信息输出,以更多地保留邻节点信息,降低计算代价。在reddit和PPI两个数据集上的实验表明,所提算法在micro-f1和macro-f1两个评价指标上分别获得了4.995%与10.515%的提升。因此,该算法可以大幅减少噪声数据,提高节点嵌入的表示能力,快速有效地为不可见节点及不可见图生成节点嵌入。展开更多
The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and...The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% （by weight） of digested sewage sludge （SS） and composted sludge （SC）. The additions of the both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable （EXCH） and organic matter （OM） became predominance for Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount for Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate （CAR） and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to AEXCH and ACAR forms but also in AOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by AEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.展开更多
Triticum aestivum-Hayaldia villosa translocation line V3 has shown effective all-stage resistance to the seven dominant pathotypes of Puccinia striiforms f.sp.tritici prevalent in China.To elucidate the genetic basis ...Triticum aestivum-Hayaldia villosa translocation line V3 has shown effective all-stage resistance to the seven dominant pathotypes of Puccinia striiforms f.sp.tritici prevalent in China.To elucidate the genetic basis of the resistance,the segregating populations were developed from the cross between V3 and susceptible genotype Mingxian 169,seedlings of the parents and F 2 progeny were tested with six prevalent pathotypes,including CYR29,CYR31,CYR32-6,CYR33,Sun11-4,and Sun11-11,F 1 plants and F 3 lines were also inoculated with Sun11-11 to confirm the result further.The genetic studied results showed that the resistance of V3 against CYR29 was conferred by two dominant genes,independently,one dominant gene and one recessive gene conferring independently or a single dominant gene to confer resistance to CYR31,two complementary dominant genes conferring resistance to both CYR32-6 and Sun11-4,two independently dominant genes or three dominant genes（two of the genes show cumulative effect） conferring resistance to CYR33,a single dominant gene for resistance to Sun11-11.Resistance gene analog polymorphism（RGAP） and simple-sequence repeat（SSR） techniques were used to identify molecular markers linked to the single dominant gene（temporarily designated as YrV3） for resistance to Sun11-11.A linkage map of 2 RGAP and 7 SSR markers was constructed for the dominant gene using data from 221 F 2 plants and their derived F 2：3 lines tested with Sun11-11 in the greenhouse.Amplification of the complete set of nulli-tetrasomic lines of Chinese Spring with a RGAP marker RG1 mapped the gene on the chromosome 1B,and then the linked 7 SSR markers located this gene on the long arm of chromosome 1B.The linkage map spanned a genetic distance of 25.0 cM,the SSR markers Xgwm124 and Xcfa2147 closely linked to YrV3 with genetic distances of 3.0 and 3.8 cM,respectively.Based on the linkage map,it concluded that the resistance gene YrV3 was located on chromosome arm 1BL.Given chromosomal location,the reaction patterns and pedigree analysis,YrV3 should be a novel gene for resistance to stripe rust in wheat.These closely linked markers should be useful in stacking genes from different sources for wheat breeding and diversification of resistance genes against stripe rust.展开更多
Potato （Solanum tuberosum L.） is an important staple food and economic crop in many countries. China has led world potato production in recent years. To understand the genetic diversity of potato germplasms and to e...Potato （Solanum tuberosum L.） is an important staple food and economic crop in many countries. China has led world potato production in recent years. To understand the genetic diversity of potato germplasms and to enrich the current gene pool for potato improvement, we made a global collection consisted of 288 potato germplasms from eight countries and the International Potato Center （CIP）. Using SSR and AFLP techniques, we evaluated the genetic diversity and population structure of these 288 potato accessions. A total of 190 alleles on 20 SSR loci were detected and all of the SSR alleles were polymorphic among these potato germplasms with an average of 9.5 alleles per SSR locus ranging from 2 to 23. The effective number of alleles per locus （Ne＊）, Nei＇s genetic diversity （H＊）, and Shannon＇s information index （I＊） was from （0.1709＋0.3698） to （1.6166＋0.3414）, （0.076＋0.1388） to （0.3812＋0.1886）, and （0.1324＋0.1970） to （0.5347＋0.1440）, respec- tively, and the mean polymorphic information content （PIC） value was 0.7312. A total of 988 AFLP alleles were detected by 10 AFLP primer combinations with 983 polymorphic alleles, and 99.49% alleles was polymorphic with an average of 98.3 polymorphic alleles per primer combination ranging from 91 to 116. The values of Ne＊, H＊ and/＊ were from （1.5162＋0.311 ） to （1.6423＋0.3278）, （0.3114＋0.145） to （0.3675＋0.1121）, and （0.4761＋0.1792） to （0.547＋0.1322）, respectively, and the average PIC value was 0.9871. Bayesian analysis discriminated the accessions into seven subgroup and an admix group. The majority of accessions from CIP and China were assigned into SG1, SG5, SG6, SG7 and admix group. Accessions in SG3 were mainly from CIP and two small groups SG2 and SG4 were mainly from northeastern China. In general, the results obtained from Bayesian statistical analysis, cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis consistently revealed the lack of geographical differentiation among country-wide collections, indicating germplasm introduction was common for the countries out of potato origin center. The poiymorphic markers and the differentiate genetic lineages found in this study provide useful information for potato improvement and conservation programs.展开更多
文摘图节点的低维嵌入在各种预测任务中是非常有用的,如蛋白质功能预测、内容推荐等。然而,多数方法不能自然推广到不可见节点。图采样聚合算法(Graph Sample and Aggregate,Graphsage)虽然可以提高不可见节点生成嵌入的速度,但容易引入噪声数据,且生成的节点嵌入的表示能力不高。为此,文中提出了一种基于KNN与矩阵变换的图节点嵌入归纳式学习算法。首先,通过KNN选取K个邻节点;然后,根据聚合函数生成聚合信息;最后,利用矩阵变换与全连接层对聚合信息和节点信息进行计算,得到新的节点嵌入。为了有效权衡计算时间与性能,文中提出一种新的聚合函数,对邻节点特征运用最大池化作为聚合信息输出,以更多地保留邻节点信息,降低计算代价。在reddit和PPI两个数据集上的实验表明,所提算法在micro-f1和macro-f1两个评价指标上分别获得了4.995%与10.515%的提升。因此,该算法可以大幅减少噪声数据,提高节点嵌入的表示能力,快速有效地为不可见节点及不可见图生成节点嵌入。
基金Project supported by the Provincial Technique Program of Zhejiang Province(No.2004c23024)the Key Science and Technology Program of Hangzhou City(No.2005113A07).
文摘The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% （by weight） of digested sewage sludge （SS） and composted sludge （SC）. The additions of the both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable （EXCH） and organic matter （OM） became predominance for Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount for Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate （CAR） and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to AEXCH and ACAR forms but also in AOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by AEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.
基金supported by the 111 Project from the Education Ministry of China(B07049)the Key Technologies R&D Program of China during the 11th Five-Year Plan period(2006BAD08A05)the project of the Toxicity Variation of Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen and Demonstration of Integrated Management of Stripe Rust,China(200903035-02)
文摘Triticum aestivum-Hayaldia villosa translocation line V3 has shown effective all-stage resistance to the seven dominant pathotypes of Puccinia striiforms f.sp.tritici prevalent in China.To elucidate the genetic basis of the resistance,the segregating populations were developed from the cross between V3 and susceptible genotype Mingxian 169,seedlings of the parents and F 2 progeny were tested with six prevalent pathotypes,including CYR29,CYR31,CYR32-6,CYR33,Sun11-4,and Sun11-11,F 1 plants and F 3 lines were also inoculated with Sun11-11 to confirm the result further.The genetic studied results showed that the resistance of V3 against CYR29 was conferred by two dominant genes,independently,one dominant gene and one recessive gene conferring independently or a single dominant gene to confer resistance to CYR31,two complementary dominant genes conferring resistance to both CYR32-6 and Sun11-4,two independently dominant genes or three dominant genes（two of the genes show cumulative effect） conferring resistance to CYR33,a single dominant gene for resistance to Sun11-11.Resistance gene analog polymorphism（RGAP） and simple-sequence repeat（SSR） techniques were used to identify molecular markers linked to the single dominant gene（temporarily designated as YrV3） for resistance to Sun11-11.A linkage map of 2 RGAP and 7 SSR markers was constructed for the dominant gene using data from 221 F 2 plants and their derived F 2：3 lines tested with Sun11-11 in the greenhouse.Amplification of the complete set of nulli-tetrasomic lines of Chinese Spring with a RGAP marker RG1 mapped the gene on the chromosome 1B,and then the linked 7 SSR markers located this gene on the long arm of chromosome 1B.The linkage map spanned a genetic distance of 25.0 cM,the SSR markers Xgwm124 and Xcfa2147 closely linked to YrV3 with genetic distances of 3.0 and 3.8 cM,respectively.Based on the linkage map,it concluded that the resistance gene YrV3 was located on chromosome arm 1BL.Given chromosomal location,the reaction patterns and pedigree analysis,YrV3 should be a novel gene for resistance to stripe rust in wheat.These closely linked markers should be useful in stacking genes from different sources for wheat breeding and diversification of resistance genes against stripe rust.
基金supported by the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-10)
文摘Potato （Solanum tuberosum L.） is an important staple food and economic crop in many countries. China has led world potato production in recent years. To understand the genetic diversity of potato germplasms and to enrich the current gene pool for potato improvement, we made a global collection consisted of 288 potato germplasms from eight countries and the International Potato Center （CIP）. Using SSR and AFLP techniques, we evaluated the genetic diversity and population structure of these 288 potato accessions. A total of 190 alleles on 20 SSR loci were detected and all of the SSR alleles were polymorphic among these potato germplasms with an average of 9.5 alleles per SSR locus ranging from 2 to 23. The effective number of alleles per locus （Ne＊）, Nei＇s genetic diversity （H＊）, and Shannon＇s information index （I＊） was from （0.1709＋0.3698） to （1.6166＋0.3414）, （0.076＋0.1388） to （0.3812＋0.1886）, and （0.1324＋0.1970） to （0.5347＋0.1440）, respec- tively, and the mean polymorphic information content （PIC） value was 0.7312. A total of 988 AFLP alleles were detected by 10 AFLP primer combinations with 983 polymorphic alleles, and 99.49% alleles was polymorphic with an average of 98.3 polymorphic alleles per primer combination ranging from 91 to 116. The values of Ne＊, H＊ and/＊ were from （1.5162＋0.311 ） to （1.6423＋0.3278）, （0.3114＋0.145） to （0.3675＋0.1121）, and （0.4761＋0.1792） to （0.547＋0.1322）, respectively, and the average PIC value was 0.9871. Bayesian analysis discriminated the accessions into seven subgroup and an admix group. The majority of accessions from CIP and China were assigned into SG1, SG5, SG6, SG7 and admix group. Accessions in SG3 were mainly from CIP and two small groups SG2 and SG4 were mainly from northeastern China. In general, the results obtained from Bayesian statistical analysis, cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis consistently revealed the lack of geographical differentiation among country-wide collections, indicating germplasm introduction was common for the countries out of potato origin center. The poiymorphic markers and the differentiate genetic lineages found in this study provide useful information for potato improvement and conservation programs.
