国家级一流本科专业核心课程建设与实践——以材料力学性能为例

一流课程建设是一流本科专业建设的基础,是人才培养模式的核心要素。以材料力学性能课程为例,介绍了材料专业核心课程理论与知识体系的特点,以及课程对工程教育专业认证标准的体现和支撑作用。阐述了一流课程建设中高阶性、创新性和挑战度的具体体现,详细介绍了一流课程建设的内容、思路和举措,包括课程教学内容重构、教学团队建设和实验教学改革等方面的举措,以及思政元素挖掘和课程思政实施的具体措施。课程建设的经验可为其他一流本科课程建设提供有益参考。

超高输电铁塔的气动噪声特性研究

超高输电铁塔在保障居民日常生活和工业生产中起到了重要作用,由于极高的高度,其在风荷载作用下产生的气动噪声问题不容忽视。本文针对超高输电铁塔气动噪声扰民的问题,建立了其计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)计算模型,采用标准k-ε湍流方程进行稳态初场的计算,并在此基础上采用大涡模拟方法与声类比方法进行瞬态流场计算及气动噪声计算,分析流场的流动特性及气动噪声特性。结果表明,4根主纵梁以及电梯井的左右两侧具有强烈的压力脉动,是主要的气动噪声源,其最大值出现在电梯井顶端区域;各虚拟测点的总声压级沿高度先增加后减小,总声压级沿高度的变化由风速与输电铁塔自身结构尺度参数共同控制;通过声成像测量方法确定了声源的在塔身中部以上、横担以下的位置,验证了仿真结果的正确性;声压级与风速的峰值出现的时刻基本吻合,输电铁塔风致噪声与风速存在着强相关性。本文的研究结论对于超高输电塔气动噪声特性的研究和输电塔的降噪设计具有指导意义。

可持续发展视角下水环境规制研究进展及其关键问题

全球正面临严重的水资源危机,有效的水环境治理手段是地区可持续发展的关键。环境规制作为其中一个重要的治理手段已被越来越多的学者研究,该研究领域目前已取得不少成果,对该领域现有文献进行系统的梳理,可为后续研究提供科学依据。基于CiteSpace软件,对Web of Science (WoS)数据库和中国知网(CNKI)数据库中所提取的2002—2021年水环境规制研究文献进行可视化知识图谱分析。结果表明:1)水环境规制研究领域WoS数据库文献研究起步早且发展迅速,而CNKI数据库文献研究发展较为落后;总体上该领域作者合作较少,仅核心作者间存在紧密的合作网络。2)目前研究重点为以政府管制为主的命令型水环境规制,而对以市场和公众为主导的市场激励型和隐性环境规制涉及较少。研究热点主要为水资源质量和数量规制、外部环境不确定性对水环境规制的影响以及水资源管理方法的改进。3)从研究趋势来看,水污染、水安全问题的改善是该领域持续关注的内容。未来一段时间水资源再生利用问题将是国内外水环境规制研究的热点。

城市节段预制桥梁双龙门吊平衡式高精度悬拼施工技术研究

文章针对悬拼质量与效率要求较高的节段预制装配式桥梁施工,结合深圳外环高速公路东莞段第一施工合同段现场实际施工情况,通过深入研究现有混凝土桥梁节段预制拼装技术,提出一种采用双龙门吊悬臂拼装施工方法,沿混凝土桥梁架设方向铺设龙门吊轨道,同步对称吊装桥梁预制节段,利用调节支座与万向吊具调整节段六点坐标,保证阶段安装精度。采用吊模法施工后浇湿接缝,完成混凝土桥梁节段预制拼装施工,相较于传统技术,整体施工效率与安全性得到显著提升,节段拼接质量也得到了进一步保证。

时空异质性视角下长江经济带水环境承载力评估及其驱动因子探究

基于水资源-水环境-社会经济耦合系统,构建了长江经济带水环境承载力综合评价指标体系,运用熵权-TOPSIS法测度其2010—2019年的水环境承载力,采用标准差椭圆、全局莫兰指数以及地理探测器等方法探究其时空格局演变和主要驱动因子。结果表明:长江经济带水环境承载力由大到小依次为下游、上游和中游,排名前三的省(市)依次是上海、浙江、重庆;水环境承载力省际不存在空间依赖性,其标准差椭圆呈现稳定的东西向空间分布格局和西南走向,重心分布于湖南岳阳与湖北荆州之间;水环境承载力的首要驱动因子是万元GDP用水量,社会经济子系统对水环境承载力影响程度最大,其次为水环境和水资源子系统,且不同区域的主要驱动因子存在显著空间异质性。

Characterising the nature, evolution and origin of detachment fault in central depression belt, Qiongdongnan Basin of South China Sea: evidence from seismic reflection data

Using regional geological, newly acquired 2D and 3D seismic, drilling and well log data, especially 2D long cable seismic profiles, the structure and stratigraphy in the deep-water area of Qiongdongnan Basin are interpreted. The geometry of No.2 fault system is also re-defined, which is an important fault in the central depression belt of the deep-water area in the Qiongdongnan Basin by employing the quantitative analysis techniques of fault activity and backstripping. Furthermore, the dynamical evolution of the No.2 fault sys-tem and its controls on the central depression belt are analyzed. This study indicates that the Qiongdongnan Basin was strongly influenced by the NW-trending tensile stress field during the Late Eocene. At this time, No.2 fault system initiated and was characterized by several discontinuous fault segments, which controlled a series small NE-trending fault basins. During the Oligocene, the regional extensional stress field changed from NW-SE to SN with the oceanic spreading of South China Sea, the early small faults started to grow along their strikes, eventually connected and merged as the listric shape of the No.2 fault system as ob-served today. No.2 fault detaches along the crustal Moho surface in the deep domain of the seismic profiles as a large-scale detachment fault. A large-scale rollover anticline formed in hanging wall of the detachment fault. There are a series of small fault basins in both limbs of the rollover anticline, showing that the early small basins were involved into fold deformation of the rollover anticline. Structurally, from west to east, the central depression belt is characterized by alternatively arranged graben and half-graben. The central depression belt of the Qiongdongnan Basin lies at the extension zone of the tip of the V-shaped northwest-ern ocean sub-basin of the South China Sea, its activity period is the same as the development period of the northwestern ocean sub-basin, furthermore the emplacement and eruption of magma that originated from the mantle below the Moho surface occurred at the region between Songnan-Baodao and Changchang sags, from east to west with the early-stage spreading of the South China Sea. Therefore, this study not only helps in depicting the structural features and evolution of the deep-water basin in the Qiongdongnan Basin, but also provides the geological and structural evidence for establishing a unified model of continental margin extension and oceanic spreading.

Vertical migration through faults and hydrocarbon accumulation patterns in deepwater areas of the Qiongdongnan Basin

In the Qiongdongnan Basin, faults are well developed.Based on the drilling results, the traps controlled two or more faults are oil-rich. However, when only one fault cut through the sand body, there is no sign for hy-drocarbon accumulation in the sandstone. In terms of this phenomenon, the principle of reservoir-forming controlled by fault terrace is proposed, i.e., when the single fault activates, because of the incompressibility of pore water, the resistance of pore and the direction of buoyancy, it is impossible for hydrocarbon to ac-cumulate in sandstone. But when there are two or more faults, one of the faults acts as the spillway so the hydrocarbon could fill in the pore of sandstone through other faults. In total five gas bearing structures and four failure traps are considered, as examples to demonstrate our findings. According to this theory, it is well-advised that south steep slope zone of Baodao-Changchang Depression, south gentle slope zone of Lingshui Depression, north steep slope zone of Lingshui Depression, and north steep slope zone of Baodao Depression are the most favorable step-fault zones, which are the main exploration direction in next stage.

长江三峡生态经济走廊生态系统服务的时空演化特征及影响因素研究

论文基于2000—2020年五期土地利用数据,定量分析长江三峡生态经济走廊生态系统服务价值的时空演化特征,采用空间相关、时空地理加权回归模型分析驱动力。结果表明:(1)从土地利用类型来看,森林是研究区域最主要的土地利用类型,建设用地与未利用土地是两种变化较快的土地利用类型;(2)从时空演化上看,该区域在2000—2020年时间段内的生态系统服务价值呈先增后减的趋势,生态调节服务始终是核心功能,气候调节的贡献率最大;空间分布呈现中部地区高、西部地区和东部边缘低的布局;(3)生态系统服务价值的正向空间相关性逐渐增强,中部区域巫溪县、云阳县等九个区县为高—高聚集区,东部西陵区、伍家岗区、猇亭区、点军区及垫江县为低—低聚集区,东部夷陵区为高—低聚集区,南部黔江区、秀山县为低—高聚集区;(4)影响因素中,蔓延度指数、斑块密度、斑块聚合度、第三产业占GDP比重、人均GDP影响在42个区县中呈现差异化表现,其中人均GDP负向影响程度最大。

跨国界河流水资源冲突演化博弈模拟研究

为分析个体行为特征和决策偏好对水资源冲突演化的影响,应用前景价值函数构建跨国界河流水资源冲突感知收益矩阵,运用演化博弈分析上下游决策行为演化路径与结果,构建系统动力学模型进行模拟仿真。结果表明:合作决策集的选择需要满足复杂的博弈条件;当上游积极放水的感知成本、上游消极放水的感知收入、下游主动争取的感知成本增加和水资源冲突风险感知成本减少时,将降低上下游合作的概率,流域将可能爆发水资源冲突。

Evaluation of abundant hydrocarbon-generation depressions in the deepwater area of Qiongdongnan Basin,South China Sea

It has been confirmed that the key source rocks of Qiongdongnan Basin are associated with the Yacheng Formation, which was deposited in a transitional marine-continental environment. Because the distribution and evolution patterns of the source rocks in the major depressions are different, it is important to determine the most abundant hydrocarbon-generation depressions in terms of exploration effectiveness. Based on an analysis of organic matter characteristics of the source rocks, in combination with drilling data and seismic data, this paper establishes a model to evaluate the hydrocarbon-generation depressions in the deepwater area of Qiongdongnan Basin. First of all, by using the method of seismic-facies model analysis, the distribution of sedimentary facies was determined. Then, the sedimentary facies were correlated with the organic facies, and the distribution of organic facies was predicted. Meanwhile, the thickness of source rocks for all the depressions was calculated on the basis of a quantitative analysis of seismic velocity and lithology. The relationship between mudstone porosity and vitrinite reflectance（Ro） was used to predict the maturity of source rocks. Second, using the parameters such as thickness and maturity of source rocks, the quantity and intensity of gas generation for Yacheng and Lingshui Formations were calculated. Finally, in combination with the identified hydrocarbon resources, the quantity and intensity of gas generation were used as a guide to establish an evaluation standard for hydrocarbon-generation depressions, which was optimized for the main depressions in the Central Depression Belt. It is proposed that Lingshui, Ledong, Baodao and Changchang Depressions are the most abundant hydrocarbon depressions, whilst Songnan and Beijiao Depressions are rich hydrocarbon depressions. Such an evaluation procedure is beneficial to the next stage of exploration in the deep-water area of Qiongdongnan Basin.

基于减法集对势的漳河上游水资源冲突风险评价与态势分析研究

为有效预防漳河上游水资源冲突,积极维护地区水安全,科学合理地评价水资源冲突风险和预测风险态势演化尤为重要。基于水量、用水效率、水质、生态环境和社会经济等5个维度构建了水资源冲突风险评价及态势分析框架,运用熵权法和集对分析理论构建了基于减法集对势的水资源冲突风险评价及态势分析模型,对漳河上游2011-2020年的水资源冲突风险进行评价,通过五元减法集对势动态分析风险发展态势。结果表明:漳河上游水资源冲突风险水平较低且呈现下降的态势;3个省份水资源冲突风险等级由高到低依次为山西省、河北省、河南省。从水资源冲突的5个维度来看,河北省需重点关注水量和用水效率引起的冲突风险,河南省整体情况较好,山西省则需重点关注水量、水质和社会经济引起的冲突风险。研究结果对识别漳河上游水资源冲突风险、缓解水事纠纷和维护地区稳定具有重要的现实意义。

Identification methods of coal-bearing source rocks for Yacheng Formation in the western deepwater area of South China Sea

Owing to the fact that the coal-beds are with the characteristics of multi-beds, thin single-bed, rapid lateral changes and deep burial, coal-bearing source rocks are difficult to be identified and predicted, especially in the lower exploration deepwater area. In this paper, a new integrative process utilizing geology and geophysics is proposed for better predicting the distribution of coal-bearing source rocks. Coal-beds were identified by the logging responses of“three higher, three lower, and one expand”and carbargilite were recognized by the characteristics of“four higher and one lower”. Based on the above logical decision, coal-beds and carbargilite can be distinguished automatically by cluster analysis of logging curves in verticality. Within the constraints of well-seismic calibration, the coal-beds group also can be detected in horizontality by the integrated representation of“negative phase, higher Q, lower impedance and lower frequency”within the seismic data. However, the distribution of coal-bearing source rocks utilizing geophysical methodology may do not conform to the geological rules of coal accumulation. And then the main geological controlling factors of coal accumulation are comprehensively analyzed as follows：（1） Paleotopography and tectonic subsidence determine the planar range of terrestrial-marine transitional facies markedly;（2） The relative sea level changes affect the accommodation space and shoreline migration, and limit the vertical range of coal-beds. More specifically, the relationship between the accommodation creation rate and the peat accumulation rate is a fundamental control on coal accumulation. The thickest and most widespread coals form where those two factors reached a state of balance;（3） The supply of autochthonous clasts and the distance between deposition places and paleovegetation accumulated area are the critical factor to form abundant coal, which means that if deposition area is close to paleouplift, there would be sufficient organic matters to form abundant source rocks. The results show that the integrated methods can significantly improve prediction accuracy of coal-bearing source rocks, which is suitable for early exploration of western deepwater area of South China Sea.

基于国产MCU的直流塑壳断路器控制系统设计

在国产化替代的大趋势下,该方案设计了一种基于国产32位微处理器HC32F460的直流塑壳断路器控制器。该方案所设计的通信接口可以兼容不同的通信总线,提高了接口通用性。在原有的三段保护特性之上,提出了逆电流保护的概念和相应算法。支持人机(按键、显示屏)灵活调节参数和档位,适用范围更广,弥补了传统热磁式断路器动作误差大,参数不可调节的缺点。同时也可以通过通信总线实现遥控、遥信、遥调、遥测“四遥”功能,实现远程控制。该设计在实现预期功能的同时,大幅度降低了成本,对未来分布式能源和直流配电网的发展具有重要意义。

近红外光谱分析方法在桂西地区沉积型铝土矿找矿中的研究

本文利用近红外光谱分析仪在研究区进行近红外光谱剖面测量,选定研究区近红外光谱剖面Y001,对岩石或土壤的蚀变矿物进行光谱测试分析与反演,建立基于近红外光谱分析技术的沉积型铝土矿光谱特征参数找矿标志,从而推断找矿有利地段,缩小找矿范围,建立经红外光谱特征参数找矿模式。

高分子复合黏胶体系对CL-20包覆及性能的影响

为了降低CL-20的机械感度,选择聚丙烯酸酯橡胶(HyTemp)和聚氨酯(TPU)作为黏结剂,微晶蜡作为钝感剂,对CL-20晶体表面进行包覆,分别制备了CL-20/HyTemp/微晶蜡、CL-20/TPU/微晶蜡、CL-20/HyTemp复配TPU/微晶蜡3种样品。分别通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、机械感度仪来表征样品的表面包覆情况、晶体结构、热稳定性以及机械感度。结果显示:HyTemp、TPU和微晶蜡都能有效包覆CL-20;且3种样品中CL-20的晶型仍为ε型,未发生改变。与包覆前相比,3种样品中氮元素含量均有大幅度的降低,包覆程度较高。其中,高分子复合黏结剂(HyTemp复配TPU)包覆样品的表面更为紧凑密实。与原料CL-20相比,复合黏结剂包覆样品的表观活化能提高了164.45 kJ/mol,熵变和焓变也有较大提升,反应活性降低,热稳定性明显改善;临界载荷由原料CL-20的60 N提高到了288 N,撞击感度也比原料CL-20降低了3.6 J,降感效果显著。采用HyTemp复配TPU作为黏结剂包覆的样品综合性能最好。

北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷流沙港组二段下亚段页岩油储层非均质性特征

北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷是中国南海海域重要的常规和非常规油气勘探开发区域,2022年7月WY-1井页岩油压裂测试成功并获得商业油气流,标志着中国海上页岩油勘探取得重大突破。基于岩心、薄片、矿物组成、有机地化、扫描电镜、基质孔渗和精细测井分析,开展了涠西南凹陷WY-1井的页岩油储层非均质性特征研究。结果表明:WY-1井流沙港组二段下亚段(流二下亚段)可识别出富硅黏土质泥岩相、混合质泥岩相、富黏土硅质粉砂岩相和(混合)硅质砂岩相4类岩相。对该4类岩相的物性、孔喉特征、可动性和脆性进行分析发现,储集空间以粒间孔为主,(混合)硅质砂岩相孔渗值最高、可压性最好、可动性最高,为有利岩相,富黏土硅质粉砂岩相次之,混合质泥岩相与富硅黏土质泥岩相较差,但混合质泥岩相可压性与可动性好于富硅黏土质泥岩相。有利于储层发育的顺序为(混合)硅质砂岩相>富黏土硅质粉砂岩相>混合质泥岩相>富硅黏土质泥岩相。从储集性的纵向展布特征来看,流二下亚段底部储集性、可动性和可压性最好,其岩相主要为(混合)硅质砂岩相和富黏土硅质粉砂岩相互层;流二下亚段中部混合质泥岩相与富硅黏土质泥岩相互层分布,其脆性和可压性较流二下亚段上部好。综合评价认为,WY-1井甜点段主要为(混合)硅质砂岩相和富黏土硅质粉砂岩相以互层形式分布的流二下亚段下部,其次为混合质泥岩相较为发育的流二下亚段中部。

珠江口盆地西部珠三坳陷古近系物源体系及沉积充填演化特征

珠江口盆地西部珠三坳陷近年来一直未获得商业性油气的重大发现,古近系是坳陷内主要的勘探层系,但对其自下而上的物源体系、沉积充填演化规律认识不清。在层序地层划分基础上,以古近系沉积时期三级层序为基本单元,结合区域地质背景、古地貌、周缘水体分布、重矿物组合及岩石薄片等资料,并利用构造地质学、沉积学等分析方法,开展了珠三坳陷古近系沉积时期的物源体系演化及其对大型碎屑岩储集体分布的控制影响研究。认为珠三坳陷古近系存在两大物源区,一是南部神狐隆起,其母岩构成以岩浆岩、浅变质岩及前古近系沉积岩为主;二是北部海南隆起、粤桂隆起及相关河流体系组成的综合物源区,母岩构成以岩浆岩为主。确定了始新统文昌组断陷沉积时期,主要形成了湖泊-(扇)三角洲体系的构造沉积充填格局,且沉积了巨厚的文昌组中深湖相烃源岩,为本区的主力烃源岩;下渐新统恩平组—上渐新统珠海组断拗沉积时期,主要沉积充填了恩平组湖泊-(扇)三角洲体系以及珠海组滨海潮坪-(扇)三角洲体系。以上研究成果为珠江口盆地西部珠三坳陷下一步寻找优质大型储集体并获得油气发现具有一定的指导意义。

基于生态与经济耦合的长江三峡生态经济走廊协同治理研究

为推动经济与环境之间的耦合协调发展,分析长江三峡生态经济走廊中重庆、宜昌、恩施、神农架四个地区2009-2019年的生态经济协调关系,找出影响长江三峡生态经济走廊生态与经济耦合关系的因素。结果表明:该区域的经济发展与生态质量的耦合协调程度在不断增强,呈现出稳中向好的趋势,但总体协调度不高,未达到优质耦合协调发展阶段,生态环境敏感性及脆弱性特征突出。因此,该区域要以生态优先绿色发展引领经济高质量发展、建立发展生态经济的利益联结机制、以动态的惩罚策略促进企业积极选择“无危害”策略,提高治理污染得到的收益,降低治污成本。

基于HC32的智能断路器控制系统设计

针对泛在电力物联网的建设要求,提出一种基于国产单片机HC32F460KCTA的智能断路器控制系统设计方案。硬件上,设计了冗余供电方式,提出电流双通道协同采样的设计方式,在具备传统断路器保护功能的基础上集成了电能表的计量功能,计量精度高达0.5级。介绍了系统的电流保护算法和主要程序设计流程。针对RS485、CAN总线技术存在布线困难等问题,采用HPLC通信作为系统的通信方式,符合未来智能电网的发展趋势。

北部湾盆地海中凹陷古近系流沙港组沉积演化及储盖组合特征

通过钻井岩性组合、测井相、地震相、粒度曲线及岩心等资料,在层序地层格架的基础之上,结合区域地质背景及构造演化特征,对北部湾盆地海中凹陷流沙港组沉积演化及储盖组合特征进行研究。结果表明,海中凹陷流沙港组主要发育扇三角洲、三角洲、滨浅湖、中深湖及冲积平原五类沉积体系。其中,流沙港组三段沉积时期为湖盆裂陷初期,水体较浅,以滨浅湖环境为主,北部发育扇三角洲,南部发育三角洲及冲积平原;流沙港组二段沉积时期为湖盆裂陷鼎盛期,水体较深,北部发育大面积分布的中深湖沉积;流沙港组一段沉积时期为湖盆裂陷末期,水体变浅,以滨浅湖环境为主,北部继承性发育扇三角洲,南部发育三角洲及滩坝。海中凹陷流沙港组主要发育三类储盖组合,第一类为北部扇三角洲砂体与上覆中深湖、滨浅湖泥岩组合,第二类为南部三角洲砂体与滨浅湖泥岩组合,第三类为南部滩坝砂体与滨浅湖泥岩组合。研究区划分了三类有利区带,其中,第Ⅰ、Ⅱ类区带储盖组合配置优越、油气运聚条件好,是海中凹陷下一步获得商业油气发现的有利区。