Distribution of ground-dwelling beetles （Coleoptera） across a forest-clearcut ecotone in Wolong Natural Reserve, southwestern China

The influence of edge effect on ground-dwelling beetles （Coleoptera） across a forest-clearcut ecotone was studied in Wolong Natural Reserve, southwestern China. During the field research, a total of 30 739 beetles were collected with pitfall traps along transects, which extending 100 m from the edge into the forest interior and 100 m into the clearcut. Of the collection, Carabidae comprised 92%, Staphylinidae 3%, Curculionidae 2%, and Tenebrionidae 2%, and these four families can be considered as abundant groups. Family richness, Shannon diversity and equitability display a significant decrease from forest interior, edge to clearcut. Based on the family composition and abundance, ground-dwelling beetles of the forest interior can be separated from those in the clearcut by Principal coordinate analysis ordination, and beetle assemblages in the forest edge were more similar to forest assemblages than to those found in the clearcut by cluster analysis. Seasonal dynamics of family richness showed a monotone peak in the middle season, with a highest value in the forest interior and a lowest value in the clearcut. Family abundance showed two peaks in the middle season, always with more individuals in the clearcut than in the forest interior or in the edge. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that the cover of shrub and litter were the two most important factors in determining family richness, Shannon diversity, equitability and abundance. Our results show that the forest edge and clearcut have obviously different composition and diversity of ground-dwelling beetles from forest interior at the family level. However, more edges have been formed due to increasing forest fragmentation （clearcutting or logging）, so it is necessary to preserve large and intact forest to protect the diversity of ground-dwelling beetles in Wolong Natural Reserve.We are indebted to Dr Jari Niemel^i and Dr Tibor Magura for constructive suggestions on the experiment and provid- ing important references. We are grateful to Mrs Xiao-Ping Zhou, Jin-Yan Huang, Shi-Qiang Zhou, Yuan-Jun Jiang, Shu-Ming Fan, Guo-You Li and You-Qian Yang （Wolong Natural Reserve, Wenchuan County, Sichuan Province） for assistance in field experiments. This study was supported in part by a State Key Basic Research and Development Plan from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China （G2000046800）, National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 30570215）, a grant to the senior author （No. D/3684-1） of International Foundation for Sciences

Linking evolutionary mode to palaeoclimate change reveals rapid radiations of staphylinoid beetles in low-energy conditions

Staphylinoidea(Insecta:Coleoptera)is one of the most species-rich groups in animals,but its huge diversity can hardly be explained by the popular hypothesis(co-radiation with angiosperms)that applies to phytophagous beetles.We estimated the evolutionary mode of staphylinoid beetles and investigated the relationship between the evolutionary mode and palaeoclimate change,and thus the factors underlying the current biodiversity pattern of staphylinoid beetles.Our results demonstrate that staphylinoid beetles originated at around the Triassic-Jurassic bound and the current higher level clades underwent rapid evolution(indicated by increased diversification rate and decreased body size disparity)in the Jurassic and in the Cenozoic,both with low-energy climate,and they evolved much slower during the Cretaceous with high-energy climate.Climate factors,especially low 02 and high C02,promoted the diversification rate and among-clade body size disparification in the Jurassic.In the Cenozoic,however,climate factors had negative associations with diversification rate but little with body size disparification.Our present study does not support the explosion of staphylinoid beetles as a direct outcome of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution(KTR).We suppose that occupying and diversifying in refuge niches associated with litter may elucidate rapid radiations of staphylinoid beetles in low-energy conditions.

Does selective logging change ground-dwelling beetle assemblages in a subtropical broad-leafed forest of China？

Selective logging with natural regeneration is advocated as a near-to-nature strategy and has been implemented in many forested systems during the last decades. However, the efficiency of such practices for the maintenance of forest species are poorly understood. We compared the species richness, abundance and composition of ground- dwelling beetles between selectively logged and unlogged forests to evaluate the possible effects of selective logging in a subtropical broad-leafed forest in southeastern China. Us- ing pitfall traps, beetles were sampled in two naturally regenerating stands after clearcuts （ca. 50 years old, stem-exclusion stage： selectively logged 20 years ago） and two mature stands （〉 80 years old, understory re-initiation stage： selectively logged 50 years ago） during 2009 and 2010. Overall, selective logging had no significant effects on total beetle richness and abundance, but saproxylie species group and some abundant forest species significantly decreased in abundance in selectively logged plots compared with unlogged plots in mature stands. Beetle assemblages showed significant differences between selec- tively logged and unlogged plots in mature stands. Some environmental characteristics associated with selective logging （e.g., logging strategy, stand age, and cover of shrub and moss layers） were the most important variables explaining beetle assemblage structure. Our results conclude that selective logging has no significant impacts on overall richness and abundance of ground-dwelling beetles. However, the negative effects of selective logging on saproxylic species group and some unlogged forest specialists highlight the need for large intact forested areas for sustaining the existence of forest specialist beetles.

Taxonomy of the genus Dianous （Coleoptera： Staphylinidae： Steninae） in China and zoogeographic patterns of its distribution

Ninety-six species of the rove beetle genus Dianous Leach, 1819 have been recorded in China. In this paper, we describe a new species, D. poecilus n. sp. from Yunnan, and record D. viriditinctus （Champion, 1920） for the first time from China. To facilitate identification of species, species groups and/or species complexes, we compiled a new version of keys, including all species of Dianous hitherto recorded in the territory of China. Moreover, main patterns of geographical distribution are outlined for the world Dianous fauna of this genus.