突破厚包气带农田根层氮磷淋溶与地下水污染复杂定量关系和阻控机理是国际研究难点。本文系统梳理了重点研发专项"农田氮磷淋溶损失污染与防控机制"项目取得的主要进展,项目包括以下4方面研究内容:1)北方主要农区农田根层氮...突破厚包气带农田根层氮磷淋溶与地下水污染复杂定量关系和阻控机理是国际研究难点。本文系统梳理了重点研发专项"农田氮磷淋溶损失污染与防控机制"项目取得的主要进展,项目包括以下4方面研究内容:1)北方主要农区农田根层氮磷淋溶时空规律;2)根层-深层包气带氮磷淋溶机制和主控因子;3)黑土、潮土和褐土氮磷淋溶阻控机制及其效果;4)典型农区氮磷淋溶风险与区域消减途径。主要科学发现包括:1)受土地利用类型、地下水埋深、包气带岩性、水文地质条件等综合因素的影响,黑土区、潮土区和褐土区根层氮磷淋溶规律与地下水硝酸盐超标率体现出空间不一致和较大差异性。黑土区虽然根层淋溶较小,然而受地形地貌影响,地下水水质对淋溶响应更强烈,应该进一步研究黑土区地下水水质对淋溶的响应机制。华北潮土区和褐土区厚包气带具有明显氮阻控能力,应该进一步加强厚包气带对氮磷淋溶减排机理与途径研究。2)基于长期施肥定位试验和12 m深观测井对包气带农田土壤氮盈余累积特征和淋失规律的研究发现,华北平原区的环境安全施氮量约为200kg(N)·hm-2·a-1,超过环境安全阈值的多投入氮肥中有51%淋失到1m根层以下,不合理灌溉、强降水、大孔隙和裂隙是造成土壤硝酸盐淋溶的主要因素,对包气带累积硝态氮的淋失作用可影响至6m以下土层。3)利用深层取样和生物学方法结合,对厚包气带0~10.5m原位土壤微生物的反硝化活性和微生物区系组成的研究结果表明,表层土壤是微生物进行反硝化的主要场所,深层土壤中反硝化作用显著减弱,"碳饥饿"是限制底层土壤反硝化微生物丰度与活性的关键因素;室内培养试验证实添加碳源可有效激活土壤微生物的反硝化活性,为"根层截氮包气带脱氮"的淋溶阻控机理找到了突破口。4)利用黑土、潮土和褐土区氮磷淋溶阻控试验、全国农业面源污染国控监测网、北方农区地下水硝酸盐监测网和NUFER (NUtrient flows in Food chains, Environment and Resourcesuse)模型,提出了养分损失脆弱区区划和区域氮磷污染削减草案,可为农业绿色发展和面源污染阻控提供科学依据。展开更多
Sediment transport in the Hangzhou Bay is extremely complicated due to its bathymetry and hydrodynamic conditions. The ECOMSED model is employed to simulate three-dimensional (3-D) cohesive sediment transport in Han...Sediment transport in the Hangzhou Bay is extremely complicated due to its bathymetry and hydrodynamic conditions. The ECOMSED model is employed to simulate three-dimensional (3-D) cohesive sediment transport in Hangzhou Bay. Dynamical factors such as Coriolis force, tides, salinity, river discharges, and waves are considered in the model. The wave parameters, including the significant wave height, period, and direction, are calculated with the SWAN model. The Grant-Madsen model is introduced for the bed shear stress due to the combined effect of waves and currents. The formulation of bed shear stress used to calculate the sink/source terms is modified based on previous research that sufficiently validated the formulation with measurement data. The integrated model of the above-mentioned models is applied to simulate sediment transport in Hangzhou Bay. The results of the simulation agree well with field observations concerning the distribution of suspended sediment, indicating that the sediments are remarkably suspended in Hangzhou Bay under the action of waves and currents.展开更多
油浸式变压器在运行老化过程中难免会出现各种潜伏性故障,及时正确诊断出变压器的状态至关重要,传统利用基于油中溶解气体分析法(dissolved gas analysis, DGA)数据的三比值法因存在编码不足的缺陷,限制了故障的诊断效果。为此提出了一...油浸式变压器在运行老化过程中难免会出现各种潜伏性故障,及时正确诊断出变压器的状态至关重要,传统利用基于油中溶解气体分析法(dissolved gas analysis, DGA)数据的三比值法因存在编码不足的缺陷,限制了故障的诊断效果。为此提出了一种改进的蝠鲼算法(manta ray foraging optimization, MRFO)优化反向传播(back propagation, BP)网络的故障诊断模型。首先利用逻辑映射与反向学习(opposition based learning, OBL)融合的多阶段算法为MRFO提供初始位置,加强算法全局寻优能力;同时提出利用正交实验法优化蝠鲼算法的3种觅食策略,调节蝠鲼个体的探索与开发,以加强该算法在特定问题上的寻优能力;最后将改进的蝠鲼算法寻得的最优解赋予BP网络的权值和偏置,建立变压器故障诊断系统。利用IEC TC 10故障数据进行了实验,并与其他算法进行了结果对比分析。结果表明,所提方法与BPNN、未改进的MRFO-BP、三比值法的结果相比,分别高出16%、8%、24%,是一种积极有效的方法。展开更多
文摘突破厚包气带农田根层氮磷淋溶与地下水污染复杂定量关系和阻控机理是国际研究难点。本文系统梳理了重点研发专项"农田氮磷淋溶损失污染与防控机制"项目取得的主要进展,项目包括以下4方面研究内容:1)北方主要农区农田根层氮磷淋溶时空规律;2)根层-深层包气带氮磷淋溶机制和主控因子;3)黑土、潮土和褐土氮磷淋溶阻控机制及其效果;4)典型农区氮磷淋溶风险与区域消减途径。主要科学发现包括:1)受土地利用类型、地下水埋深、包气带岩性、水文地质条件等综合因素的影响,黑土区、潮土区和褐土区根层氮磷淋溶规律与地下水硝酸盐超标率体现出空间不一致和较大差异性。黑土区虽然根层淋溶较小,然而受地形地貌影响,地下水水质对淋溶响应更强烈,应该进一步研究黑土区地下水水质对淋溶的响应机制。华北潮土区和褐土区厚包气带具有明显氮阻控能力,应该进一步加强厚包气带对氮磷淋溶减排机理与途径研究。2)基于长期施肥定位试验和12 m深观测井对包气带农田土壤氮盈余累积特征和淋失规律的研究发现,华北平原区的环境安全施氮量约为200kg(N)·hm-2·a-1,超过环境安全阈值的多投入氮肥中有51%淋失到1m根层以下,不合理灌溉、强降水、大孔隙和裂隙是造成土壤硝酸盐淋溶的主要因素,对包气带累积硝态氮的淋失作用可影响至6m以下土层。3)利用深层取样和生物学方法结合,对厚包气带0~10.5m原位土壤微生物的反硝化活性和微生物区系组成的研究结果表明,表层土壤是微生物进行反硝化的主要场所,深层土壤中反硝化作用显著减弱,"碳饥饿"是限制底层土壤反硝化微生物丰度与活性的关键因素;室内培养试验证实添加碳源可有效激活土壤微生物的反硝化活性,为"根层截氮包气带脱氮"的淋溶阻控机理找到了突破口。4)利用黑土、潮土和褐土区氮磷淋溶阻控试验、全国农业面源污染国控监测网、北方农区地下水硝酸盐监测网和NUFER (NUtrient flows in Food chains, Environment and Resourcesuse)模型,提出了养分损失脆弱区区划和区域氮磷污染削减草案,可为农业绿色发展和面源污染阻控提供科学依据。
基金the Funds for Creative Research Groups of China under contract No. 40721004the Sino-Dutch Program for Strategic Scientific Alliance Project under contract No. 2008DFB90240
文摘Sediment transport in the Hangzhou Bay is extremely complicated due to its bathymetry and hydrodynamic conditions. The ECOMSED model is employed to simulate three-dimensional (3-D) cohesive sediment transport in Hangzhou Bay. Dynamical factors such as Coriolis force, tides, salinity, river discharges, and waves are considered in the model. The wave parameters, including the significant wave height, period, and direction, are calculated with the SWAN model. The Grant-Madsen model is introduced for the bed shear stress due to the combined effect of waves and currents. The formulation of bed shear stress used to calculate the sink/source terms is modified based on previous research that sufficiently validated the formulation with measurement data. The integrated model of the above-mentioned models is applied to simulate sediment transport in Hangzhou Bay. The results of the simulation agree well with field observations concerning the distribution of suspended sediment, indicating that the sediments are remarkably suspended in Hangzhou Bay under the action of waves and currents.
文摘油浸式变压器在运行老化过程中难免会出现各种潜伏性故障,及时正确诊断出变压器的状态至关重要,传统利用基于油中溶解气体分析法(dissolved gas analysis, DGA)数据的三比值法因存在编码不足的缺陷,限制了故障的诊断效果。为此提出了一种改进的蝠鲼算法(manta ray foraging optimization, MRFO)优化反向传播(back propagation, BP)网络的故障诊断模型。首先利用逻辑映射与反向学习(opposition based learning, OBL)融合的多阶段算法为MRFO提供初始位置,加强算法全局寻优能力;同时提出利用正交实验法优化蝠鲼算法的3种觅食策略,调节蝠鲼个体的探索与开发,以加强该算法在特定问题上的寻优能力;最后将改进的蝠鲼算法寻得的最优解赋予BP网络的权值和偏置,建立变压器故障诊断系统。利用IEC TC 10故障数据进行了实验,并与其他算法进行了结果对比分析。结果表明,所提方法与BPNN、未改进的MRFO-BP、三比值法的结果相比,分别高出16%、8%、24%,是一种积极有效的方法。