Real-time Microwave Exposure Induces Calcium Efflux in Primary Hippocampal Neurons and Primary Cardiomyocytes

Objective To detect the effects of microwave on calcium levels in primary hippocampal neurons and primary cardiomyocytes by the real-time microwave exposure combined with laser scanning confocal microscopy. Methods The primary hippocampal neurons and primary cardiomyocytes were cultured and labeled with probes, including Fluo-4 AM, Mag-Fluo-AM, and Rhod-2, to reflect the levels of whole calcium [Ca], endoplasmic reticulum calcium [Ca]ER, and mitochondrial calcium [Ca]MIT, respectively. Then, the cells were exposed to a pulsed microwave of 2.856 GHz with specific absorption rate(SAR) values of 0, 4, and 40 W/kg for 6 min to observe the changes in calcium levels. Results The results showed that the 4 and 40 W/kg microwave radiation caused a significant decrease in the levels of [Ca], [Ca]ER, and [Ca]MIT in primary hippocampal neurons. In the primary cardiomyocytes, only the 40 W/kg microwave radiation caused the decrease in the levels of [Ca], [Ca]ER, and [Ca]MIT. Primary hippocampal neurons were more sensitive to microwave exposure than primary cardiomyocytes. The mitochondria were more sensitive to microwave exposure than the endoplasmic reticulum. Conclusion The calcium efflux was occurred during microwave exposure in primary hippocampal neurons and primary cardiomyocytes. Additionally, neurons and mitochondria were sensitive cells and organelle respectively.

Real-time Assessment of Cytosolic, Mitochondrial, and Nuclear Calcium Levels Change in Rat Pheochromocytoma Cells during Pulsed Microwave Exposure Using a Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicator

Little information is available about the effects of exposure to pulsed microwaves on neuronal Ca^2＋ signaling under non-thermal conditions. In this study, rat pheochromocytoma （PC12） cells were exposed to pulsed microwaves for 6 min at a specific absorption rate （SAR） of 4 W/kg to assess possible real-time effects. During microwave exposure, free calcium dynamics in the cytosol, mitochondria, and nucleus of cells were monitored by time-lapse microfluorimetry using a genetically encoded calcium indicator （ratiometric-pericam, ratiometric-10ericam-mt,

HTR and GRIN2B Variant Associated with Cognition Dysfunction in Electric Workers

The frequency of an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) ranges from 3 to 3, 000 Hz. Workers who are exposed to ELF-EMF include electric power installers and repairers, power plant operators, electricians, electrical fitters, other such professionals. The main work categories in an electrical company or for utility work can be defined according to the five main stages of electricity production and distribution. Studies on the central nervous system (CNS) reported depressed activity in the different neurotransmitter systems and decreased protein content in the brains of animals exposed to ELF-EMF. Some studies reported differences with respect to change in brain function after electromagnetic radiation among individuals[1].

Activation of Nrf2/NQO1 Pathway Attenuates Oxidative Stress in Neuronal Cells Induced by Microwave and Protects Neurite Development

In previous decades,people were concerned about their health because of growing environmental influences.The advancements in pulsed power technologies have increased the availability of microwave transmitters.The possible health problems caused by the widespread use of microwaves have attracted attention in recent years.