A Pilot Study of Trophic Level and Human Origins at the Xiaoshuangqiao Site, China(ca. 1400 BC) Using 8D Values of Collagen

We present here a pilot study to examine trophic level effects and migration patterns at the middle Shang Dynasty site of Xiaoshuangqiao in Henan Province using δD results combined with δ^13C and δ^15N values. A total of 33 specimens（17 humans, 7 cattle, 5 pigs, 3 sheep, 1 dog） of bone collagen were isotopically analyzed for δ^13C, δ^15N, and dD values. A strong positive correlation（R^2 = 0.94）between mean δ^15N and δD values of herbivores（cattle and sheep）, omnivores（pig）, carnivores（dog）and humans was observed. The δD results were found to increase by -10‰ to 20‰ from herbivores to omnivores to carnivorous, evidence that collagen δD results are a useful indicator for the study of trophic levels and dietary patterns at archaeological sites. The δD results were also used to examine the origins of two different groups of individuals buried at Xiaoshuangqiao. Individuals buried in sacrificial pits of district V had mean δD values（-47.0 ± 2.9‰, n = 11） that were significantly（p =0.049） elevated compared to the people buried in the stratigraphy of district IX（-51.3 ± 3.3‰, n = 3）,indicating that they were ingesting water from different locations. In addition, the D values of the people buried in the stratigraphy were similar to the pigs（-54.5 ± 4.2‰, n = 5） at Xiaoshuangqiao,suggesting that they were most probably of the local population, and that the individuals buried in the sacrificial pits were most possibly from the coast and prisoners of the Dongyi（“东夷”）people. Thus,δD results have the potential to examine human origins and migration patterns and should be increasingly used in conjunction with δ^13C and δ^15N values at archaeological sites.

同位素视角下中华文明和中华民族共同体形成与发展的物质基础

了解中华文明和中华民族共同体形成和发展的物质基础,尤其是其中的“饮食文化基因”,是探讨中华文明和中华民族形成与发展史的重要组成部分,也是回答“何以中国”问题的关键所在。近年来,我国蓬勃发展的稳定同位素生物考古学研究积累了大量的同位素数据,为我们揭示我国先民的生存策略提供了前所未有的良机。通过对北方地区中华文明形成期和中华民族形成期人骨同位素数据的收集、梳理和分析,我们可以发现,粟作农业是中华文明和中华民族共同体形成和发展的物质基础,可谓中华文明“饮食文化基因”。

无症状性心房颤动患者临床特征和预后分析

目的:本研究旨在分析无症状性心房颤动(房颤)患者的临床特征和预后情况。方法:回顾性分析2015年9月至2019年7月在金塔县人民医院住院期间确诊有心房颤动的患者426例,根据欧洲心律学会(EHRA)房颤症状评分将其分为无症状性房颤组(n=122)和症状性房颤组(n=304)。比较两组患者的临床特征,通过多因素Logistic回归分析明确无症状性房颤的独立相关因素。随访终点为全因死亡、心血管死亡和脑血管事件,通过Kaplan-Meier法比较两组的临床预后。结果:无症状性房颤患者比例为28.6%(122/426)。多因素Logistic分析显示,年龄(OR=1.183,95%CI:1.132~1.236,P<0.001)、男性(OR=3.803,95%CI:2.049~7.059)和入院心率(OR=1.057,95%CI:1.031~1.083)均与无症状性房颤具有独立相关性(P均<0.001)。平均随访(371±26)d显示,无症状性房颤患者的心血管死亡发生率显著高于症状性房颤患者(7.9%vs.2.9%,P=0.030)。两组患者的全因死亡发生率(9.6%vs.8.8%,P=0.789)和脑血管事件发生率(3.5%vs.1.8%,P=0.530)的差异无统计学意义。结论:无症状性房颤发生率高。高龄、男性和入院心率偏慢是无症状房颤的独立危险因素。相较于症状性房颤患者,无症状性房颤患者具有更高的心血管死亡发生率。

构建预测非瓣膜性阵发性心房颤动进展为持续性心房颤动的评分模型研究

目的通过分析非瓣膜性阵发性心房颤动(简称房颤)患者的临床资料,探索与房颤进展相关的主要临床指标,以便构建简单实用的预测模型。方法选择2014年1月—2019年9月在酒泉市金塔县人民医院确诊为非瓣膜性阵发性房颤患者326例,其中男176例、女150例,根据出院1年期内随访是否进展为持续性房颤分为房颤进展组(58例)和房颤无进展组(268例)。采用多因素logisitic回归分析筛选与阵发性房颤进展相关的有统计学意义的临床指标,并构建预测评分模型。采用多因素Cox回归分析确定不同评分组(高风险、中风险、低风险进展)终点事件发生的风险比。结果房颤进展组的年龄、BMI、左房前后径(LAD)均显著大于房颤无进展组(P<0.01、0.05),心率显著快于房颤无进展组(P<0.01),尿酸水平显著高于房颤无进展组(P<0.01),年龄≥60岁、BMI≥26.5 kg/m^(2)、合并慢性心力衰竭、心率≥80次/min、尿酸水平≥345μmol/L、LAD≥43 mm的患者所占比例均显著高于房颤无进展组(P值分别<0.01、0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥60岁[β=0.673,OR=1.960,95%CI为1.004~3.825,P=0.049],BMI≥26.5 kg/m^(2)(β=0.771,OR=2.163,95%CI为1.099~4.255,P=0.025),合并慢性心力衰竭(β=1.181,OR=3.257,95%CI为1.417~7.483,P=0.005)、基线心率≥80次/min(β=1.267,OR=3.548,95%CI为1.850~6.806,P<0.001)为阵发性房颤进展为持续性房颤的独立预测因素。将每个预测因素赋值1分,将所有患者分为低风险(0分)进展、中风险(1或2分)进展和高风险(3或4分)进展3组,患者1年进展为持续性房颤的比例分别为7.2%(5/69)、15.3%(34/222)、54.3%(19/35),组间趋势比较的差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。随访结果显示,326例患者中,全因死亡18例(5.5%),心血管原因死亡6例(1.8%),心血管原因再住院事件发生30例(9.2%),缺血性卒中事件发生18例(5.5%)。多因素Cox回归分析显示,高风险进展患者的心血管原因再住院事件发生风险函数比显著高于低风险进展患者(HR=5.07,95%CI为1.31~19.62,P=0.019),全因死亡、心血管原因死亡、缺血性卒中事件发生风险函数比与低风险进展患者间的差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);中风险进展患者的全因死亡、心血管原因死亡、心血管原因再住院事件、缺血性卒中事件发生风险函数比与低风险进展患者间的差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。结论根据年龄≥60岁、BMI≥26.5 kg/m^(2)、基线心率≥80次/min和合并慢性心力衰竭4个指标构建的ABHF评分模型在预测非瓣膜性阵发性房颤进展为持续性房颤方面具有临床实用价值,高风险进展房颤患者的心血管原因再住院发生率较低风险进展房颤患者更高。

Agricultural development and human diets in Gouwan site,Xichuan,Henan

This paper undertook the C and N stable isotopic analysis of human bones unearthed at the Gouwan site in Xichuan,Henan,to reveal the human diets and to explore the lifestyle of humans and the development of rice and millet agriculture.The contribution of rice to human diets was almost equal to that of millet in this site though millet agriculture is the traditional economic model for the middle Yellow River Valley.On the other hand,the comparison of C and N stable isotopes in different cultural periods clearly indicates changes in millet and rice agriculture.Humans mainly depended on agriculture and gathering in the Yangshao Culture I. Millet agriculture,livestock rearing,and fishing were enhanced in the Yangshao Culture II.Millet agriculture and animal husbandry developed steadily in the Yangshao Culture III.After that the mixed rice and millet agriculture developed further.In addition,rice agriculture spread to the north in the climate suitable for cultural exchanges between north and south in the Yangshao Culture phases.In the Qujialing Culture period,under a colder climate,the rice farming was not dominant,though the Qujialing Culture played a key role in the site.

Transition of human diets and agricultural economy in Shenmingpu Site, Henan, from the Warring States to Han Dynasties

Historical records and archaeological remains indicate that the Chinese agricultural economy changed significantly from the Warring States (475-221 BC) to Han Dynasties (206 BC-220 AD), i.e., from rice-millet based agriculture to rice-millet-wheat based agriculture. However, the variation of human diets and the inner relationship between human diets and the agricultural transition during this period remain poorly understood. In this paper, the C and N stable isotopes from human and animal bones at the Shenmingpu site (SMPS), Xichuan County, Henan Province were analyzed. If some outliers (M34, M36, M102) were excluded, the mean 13C value (( 16.7±0.8)‰, n=15) of humans in Han Dynasties was dramatically lower than that in the Warring States (( 12.7±0.8)‰, n=14), indicating that the cultivation of rice and wheat, especially wheat, had been more widely popularized in Han Dynasties. Meanwhile, the range of 15N values of humans (6.6‰-9.3‰) in Han Dynasties was narrower than that of the Warring States (6.2‰-10.4‰), suggesting that the animal protein resources in human foods during Han Dynasties were more concentrated. The transition of human diets and the close relationship with the change of agricultural economy in SMPS were due to more stable society, the carryout of new agricultural policies, and the emergence of new agricultural tools in Han Dynasties.

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope evidence of human and pig diets at the Qinglongquan site,China

Previous studies on the Rice-Millet(foxtail millet and common millet) Blended Zone in Chinese Neolithic have not clearly addressed such questions as the importance of primitive rice-millet mixed agriculture to human lifestyle and livestock managements within this region,the relationship among the development of the agriculture,paleoenvironment,and cultural interactions,and so on.Here stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of human and pig bones from the Qinglongquan site was conducted,covering two cultural phases,namely the Qujialing Culture(3000 BC to 2600 BC) and the Shijiahe Culture(2600 BC to 2200 BC) .Based on this analysis,we further discussed the diets of ancient humans and pigs in the site,investigated the importance of rice-millet mixed agriculture to human and pig diets,and explored the relationship among the primitive rice agriculture and millet agriculture,cultural interactions,and paleoenvironment.The δ13C values of human bone collagen(-16.7‰ to-12.4‰,averaging-14.6‰±1.3‰,n=24) revealed that both C3 and C4 foods were consumed,probably from the contribution of rice(C3 plant) and millets(C4 plants) due to the coexistence of these crops at this site.In addition,the human mean δ13C value suggested that millet agriculture was only minor in human diets.The human δ15N values(6.6‰to 10.8‰,averaging 9.0‰±1.2‰,n=24) showed that animal resources played a significant role in human diets,and varied greatly.The mean δ13C value of the pigs(-14.3‰±2.5‰,n=13) was quite similar to that of the humans,but the mean δ15N value of the pigs was slightly less(1.3‰) .The similar δ13C and δ15N values between humans and pigs suggested that the pigs consumed a lot of humans'food remains.No correlations of the δ13C and δ15N values between humans and pigs showed that both human and pig diets were based mainly on plant foods,which might be related to highly developed rice-millet mixed agriculture at that time. In comparison with the human and pig diets between the two periods,millet agriculture contributed more than 10%in the Shijiahe Culture,if a simple mixing model was used.This apparent dietary shift matched the climatic variation and agricultural development through the time.In warm and humid climate with the expansion of the Qujialing Culture northwards,rice was widely cultivated.However,when the climate was cold and arid,northern culture was expanding southwards.Thus,millet agriculture became more important.

The influence of agriculture in the process of population integration and cultural interaction during the Eastern Zhou Period in central-south, Inner Mongolia: Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of human bones from the Dabaoshan cemetery, Helingee

Central-south Inner Mongolia, China, is highly sensitive to the cultural interactions between sedentary agriculturalists and nomadic pastoralists during the Eastern Zhou Period(770–256 BC). The previous pattern of multiple cultures and diverse ethnic groups has been transformed to the increasingly dominated cultural system of Central Plain since the middle and late Warring States Period, when the states of Zhao and Qin have conquered the most parts of central-south Inner Mongolia.However, the variation of subsistence strategies during this historical process has never been evaluated. Particularly, as the typical representative of Central Plain cultures, the effect of intensive millet agriculture is still unknown in the process of population integration and culture interaction. Thus, to explore the shift of subsistence pattern, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of bone collagen from Dabaoshan site(410–180 BC) have been performed. The isotopic result indicates a large amount of C_4-based animal protein consumed by Dabaoshan humans. According to the archaeological backgrounds, we propose the Dabaoshan persons intensively relied on the millet agriculture and developed the agro-pastoral economy, which hinted the comprehensive influences from Central plain civilizations in late Warring States Period. Further compared with other published isotopic data in the same region during different periods, we suggest the millet agriculture has played the positive role in the process of population integration and culture fusion in central-south Inner Mongolia during the Eastern Zhou Period.

陕西西安马腾空遗址春秋时期秦人食谱分析

东周时期,秦人东迁进入关中,并以关中为营大举发展,统一中国。关中地区秦人的生存方式及其在东迁过程中的演变对秦人经济基础的支撑作用,仍缺乏较为细致的研究。本研究以陕西西安马腾空遗址春秋时期出土的36个个体,75例样品(60例有效数据,包括同一个体的肋骨和肢骨)为分析对象,开展C、 N稳定同位素分析,并对其中4例进行了AMS14C测年。结果表明,马腾空遗址先民主体为春秋时期(781~402 BC),先民的生业经济是以粟作农业以及以此为支撑的家畜饲养业为主;肋骨与肢骨的同位素数据比较分析显示,春秋时期先民食物来源较为稳定,生存方式稳定。此外,对比甘肃西汉水流域及关中地区从西周中晚期到战国时期秦人的C、 N稳定同位素数据,东迁过程中粟作农业在先民生存方式中的地位和重要性增强,为秦人国力强盛奠定了重要的物质基础。

Wire-feed laser additive manufacturing of dissimilar metals via dual molten pool interface interlocking mechanism

Intermetallic compounds produced in laser additive manufacturing are the main factors restricting the joint performance of dissimilar metals.To solve this problem,a dual molten pool interface interlocking mechanism was proposed in this study.Based on a dual molten pool interface interlocking mechanism,the dissimilar metals,aluminum alloy and stainless steel,were produced as single-layer and multilayer samples,using the wire-feed laser additive manufacturing directed energy deposition technology.The preferred parameters for the dual molten pool interface interlocking mechanism process of the dissimilar metals,aluminum alloy and stainless steel,were obtained.The matching relationship between the interface connection of dissimilar metals and the process parameters was established.The results demonstrated excellent mechanical occlusion at the connection interface and no apparent intermetallic compound layer.Good feature size and high microhardness were observed under a laser power of 660 W,a wire feeding speed of 55 mm/s,and a platform moving speed of 10 mm/s.Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated a faster rate of aluminum diffusion in the aluminum alloy substrate to stainless steel under the action of the initial contact force than without the initial contact force.Thus,the dual molten pool interface interlocking mechanism can effectively reduce the intermetallic compound layer when dissimilar metals are connected in the aerospace field.

江苏昆山姜里遗址马家浜文化水田植硅体分析

古水田是古代从事稻作农业生产活动的场所(之一),因其特定的形态和土壤结构而被保存下来的遗迹。靳桂云教授曾指出:'水田考古研究是全面复原古代历史特别是稻作农业历史及其与古代社会发展关系的重要内容,是现代考古学中不容忽视的研究领域。'①古水田的发现和研究,不仅可以有效地重建稻作农业活动场景,而且有助于探究水田稻作农业的起源、传播及其与社会发展之间的关系等。

环太湖地区马家浜文化早期家猪驯养信息探讨——以江苏骆驼墩遗址出土猪骨分析为例

为深入认识新石器时代长江流域地区家猪驯养的发展状况及其在文明演进中的作用,探讨早期阶段家猪饲养的地区性差异,本文选取了长江下游环太湖地区的新时器时代典型遗址——江苏宜兴骆驼墩遗址,通过对遗址中猪骨的稳定同位素分析对遗址中猪的食性进行比较分析,同时结合整个遗址中猪骨的形态学鉴定结果,探讨遗址中是否存在家猪的驯养行为以及人类的生业模式等信息.

陕西华阴兴乐坊遗址家养动物的饲养模式及对先民肉食资源的贡献

通过动物骨的稳定同位素(C、N)分析,揭示家养动物的饲养模式及对先民肉食资源的贡献,是动物考古研究的重要组成之一.关中地区,是庙底沟文化(约5500年前)的主要核心分布区域之一.目前,对该地区和该时间段内家养动物的饲养模式及对先民肉食资源的贡献,尚缺乏足够的认识.为此,本文对陕西兴乐坊遗址出土动物与人骨开展了C、N稳定同位素分析,并对其中4个猪骨进行AMS-14C测年.同位素数据结果显示:野生动物(獐、青羊、梅花鹿)栖息于C3类的植被环境,家养动物(猪、狗)和人,则主要以C4类为食.3个猪个体的年代为5449~5300 cal.B.P.,而1个猪个体年代偏晚(4089~3985 cal.B.P.),其同位素数据也异于其他个体.结合该遗址的植物考古资料(粟和黍具有高的出土概率),认为:家养动物(猪和狗)饲喂了大量以粟类作物的副产品或者人类的残羹冷炙(粪便).根据食物链从生产者至消费者的同位素分馏效应(δ13 C值约富集1‰,δ15N值约富集3‰~5‰),比较了先民与野生动物以及家养动物的同位素数据,发现先民与猪的δ13 C和 δ15N值的差异最小(0.2‰和1.9‰),这反映了先民的肉食资源应主要源于家猪.家猪的饲养和管理,为庙底沟文化的快速发展奠定了深厚的物质和经济基础.此外,1例梅花鹿角具有偏正的δ13C值(-13.2‰),暗示发达的粟作农业还为先民尝试驯养其他野生动物(如鹿)提供了可能.

Palaeodietary study of Sanxingcun Site,Jintan,Jiangsu

C and N stable isotope ratios of 19 human bones in Sanxingcun Site, Jintan, Jiangsu Province, were measured to explore the lifestyle and social economic structure. Although the bone collagen degraded to different extents, the atomic ratio of C/N was located in the range of 2.9-3.6, indicating that they were preserved very well. Average δ13C value (20.05±0.21‰), average δ 15N value (9.69 ±0.33‰) and poor positive correlation between each other suggested that rice agriculture was dominant with hunt-ing-fishing supplemented in human lifestyle. Poor negative correlation between δ 15N values and C3 percentages of foods implied relative independence of rice agriculture and hunting-fishing. Compared to Hemudu Site and Qingpu Site, rice agriculture was developed further, but hunting-fishing decreased. The mode for people in Sanxingcun Site to get the meat was still in the initial exploitation.

The subsistence patterns of the Shengedaliang site(-4,000 yr BP)revealed by stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in northern Shaanxi,China

In order to explore subsistence patterns in northern Shaanxi Province around 4,000 yr BP,28 human and 24 animal bones from the Shengedaliang site were sampled for stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratio analysis.The results show that most people primarily subsisted on C_4 resources,e.g.millet and millet-related animal products,despite the fact that there was some intake of C_3 plants by some individuals.Stable nitrogen isotope values indicate that there were differences in meat consumption between individuals at the site.Pigs were mainly foddered with millet and millet byproducts,as well as some cattle,according to their highδ^(13)C values.However,most cattle and the sheep/goats consumed wild C_3 plants at Shengedaliang.Our above findings indicates that subsistence patterns in northern Shaanxi around 4,000 yr BP were characterized by millet farming,while the grassland animal husbandry,e.g.cattle and sheep/goats raising,displayed very little contribution to local economy.The intensive millet farming in northern Shaanxi provided enough food for population growth,ensured the accumulation of wealth,and consequently accelerated social differentiation and complexity.

人骨稳定同位素视角下长江下游地区史前先民的生存方式及演变

了解长江下游地区史前人群的生业经济及演变﹐对探索稻作农业的起源与发展、史前文化的物质基础以及社会复杂化进程具有极其重要的意义。本文在简要介绍本区域的史前文化发展序列、海岸线变迁及遗址分布,动植物资源利用状况的基础上,总结了长江下游地区人骨稳定同位素分析的开展情况,探讨了先民的生存方式及历时性变化,得出了一些颇有价值的认识。与中国北方地区相比,长江下游地区人骨稳定同位素分析工作依然任重道远。

Extraction of soluble collagen and its feasibility in the palaeodietary research

In current palaeodietary research, gelatinization is the main method to extract insoluble collagen(ISC) from ancient bones. However, the degradation products of ISC, i.e., soluble collagen(SC), is often neglected and abandoned. In this work, we try to separate the extracts of ancient bones using gel chromatography and compare the contents of carbon and nitrogen, atomic C/N ratio, and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic values of the extracts from three peaks to determine which peak can be attributed to SC. At last, the potential application of SC in palaeodietary research is discussed based on the comparison of stable isotopic values between ISC and SC. Among the three peaks, the second with the retention time between 17.5 min and 27.5 min had the most broad peak shape, indicating that the molecular weights of proteins collected were most variable. Besides, the contents of carbon and nitrogen and atomic C/N ratio of extracts in this peak were closest to the corresponding ISC. Based on the above, we conclude that the extract in second peak is SC. More important, the δ 13C and δ 15N values of ISC and SC are very similar. For ISC and SC with atomic C/N ratios within the normal range(2.9–3.6), the mean difference of δ 13C value was only(0.3±0.2)‰(n=2) while δ 15N value was(0.6±0.1)‰(n=2). Although the atomic C/N ratios of some SC are slightly beyond the normal range, the mean differences of δ 13C and δ 15N values were still only(0.4±0.1)‰ and(0.3±0)‰(n=2) respectively. These isotopic differences are quite below the isotope fractionation in one trophic level(δ 13C values of 1‰–1.5‰ and δ 15N values of 3‰–5‰), suggesting that SC had great application potentials in palaeodietary research.