Application of Land-use Change Model in Guiding Regional Planning:A Case Study in Hun-Taizi River Watershed,Northeast China

This paper firstly investigated the land-use and land-cover change (LUCC) in the Hun-Taizi River watershed, Northeast China from 1988 to 2004 based on remotely sensed images and geographic information systems (GIS) technology. Then, using the famous land-use change model of Conversion of Land Use and its Effects at Small regional extent (CLUE-S), this paper simulated the land use changes under historical trend (HT), urban planning (UP) and ecological protection (EP) scenarios considering urban planning and ecological protection over the next 20 years. The simulated results under UP scenario in 2020 were compared with the planning map to assess the feasibility of using land-use change model to guide regional planning. Results show that forest land, dry farmland, paddy, and shrub land were the main land-use categories. Paddy and dry farmland being converted to urban area and rural settlement characterized the land-use change from 1988 to 2004. The main land-use categories changed over time. Landscape-pattern fragmentation will be worse under HT and UP scenarios, but better in EP scenario. The comparing results of simulated map with planning map in 2020 show that land-use change model is powerful tool to guide regional planning. Land-use scenarios can support regional planning and policy-making through analyzing future consequences scientifically.

小兴安岭马鹿粪便的分解速率

粪便分解速率是粪便堆在自然条件下消失所用的时间,利用粪便距离取样法估算鹿科动物种群数量,是种群数量管理研究的重要基础。为揭示高纬度温带大陆性气候条件下的鹿科动物粪便分解速率,解决在我国普遍存在的目标种相对隐蔽、种群密度低、粪便分散导致的原地回访观测耗时耗力难以完成的问题,本研究在温带大陆性气候的小兴安岭范围内,选择铁力林业局建设林场为研究区,于2015年1月收集38堆马鹿(Cervus elaphus)的新鲜粪便,将这些粪便堆集中移至方便回访的一处马鹿代表性生境——阳坡针阔混交林,记录每堆粪便的原始粪粒数,之后间隔一定时间进行回访并记录每堆粪便剩余的粪粒数和各粪便堆是否分解完全,共回访8次。利用R 4.1.2中的逻辑斯蒂回归得出回归方程的截距b0和斜率b1,再利用MATLAB R2020b计算粪便分解速率。结果表明,马鹿粪便的平均分解速率为(646±53)d。本研究将粪便人工移动集中放置于一处进行观测实验,为研究低种群密度的动物粪便分解速率提供了可行途径,丰富了我国鹿科动物粪便分解速率研究,从而减小了利用粪便距离取样法估算种群数量的阻碍。

城市植物源挥发性有机化合物排放特征及其大气环境效应研究进展

在外界环境的刺激下,植物会通过释放挥发性有机化合物来维护自身生长。城市是人类活动的主要集聚地,剧烈的人为干扰导致城市环境特征呈现出复杂的变化趋势,从而使城市植物排放挥发性有机化合物的过程与自然界出现较大差异。城市中的植物源挥发性有机化合物(Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds,BVOCs)会直接与城市中的氧化物质接触,生成二次污染物,并在高温、强光照的条件下发生光化学反应,严重破坏城市大气环境,危害居民健康。总结了城市BVOCs的常见类型、作用机制及现有研究方法,分析了不同时间、空间和人类活动背景下的城市BVOCs排放特征,并进一步梳理了当前研究的不足,提出未来重点研究方向,旨在为大气环境治理、环境空间规划、居民健康保障等方面的城市管理工作提供指导。

Modelling the dead fuel moisture content in a grassland of Ergun City,China

The dead fuel moisture content(DFMC)is the key driver leading to fire occurrence.Accurately estimating the DFMC could help identify locations facing fire risks,prioritise areas for fire monitoring,and facilitate timely deployment of fire-suppression resources.In this study,the DFMC and environmental variables,including air temperature,relative humidity,wind speed,solar radiation,rainfall,atmospheric pressure,soil temperature,and soil humidity,were simultaneously measured in a grassland of Ergun City,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China in 2021.We chose three regression models,i.e.,random forest(RF)model,extreme gradient boosting(XGB)model,and boosted regression tree(BRT)model,to model the seasonal DFMC according to the data collected.To ensure accuracy,we added time-lag variables of 3 d to the models.The results showed that the RF model had the best fitting effect with an R2value of 0.847 and a prediction accuracy with a mean absolute error score of 4.764%among the three models.The accuracies of the models in spring and autumn were higher than those in the other two seasons.In addition,different seasons had different key influencing factors,and the degree of influence of these factors on the DFMC changed with time lags.Moreover,time-lag variables within 44 h clearly improved the fitting effect and prediction accuracy,indicating that environmental conditions within approximately 48 h greatly influence the DFMC.This study highlights the importance of considering 48 h time-lagged variables when predicting the DFMC of grassland fuels and mapping grassland fire risks based on the DFMC to help locate high-priority areas for grassland fire monitoring and prevention.

围垦对辽东湾北部滨海湿地土壤重金属含量的影响及生态风险评价

围垦历史与围垦方式被认为是人类对滨海湿地生态系统干扰的主要因素。选取辽东湾北部区作为研究区,采集129个表层土壤样品(0-20 cm),测定土壤理化性质(盐分、pH、土壤颗粒组成、土壤有机碳、硝态氮、速效磷)和重金属元素(Fe、Mn、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Zn、Pb)含量;运用多元统计和反距离权重插值方法揭示研究区土壤重金属元素的来源与空间分布特征,最后利用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对重金属的潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明:(1)6种重金属表现为彼此的显著正相关(P<0.01)。除Pb外,Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn的浓度与土壤有机碳、黏粒、粉粒含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而与砂含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。(2)化工、造纸、石油开采及加工等工业活动可能引起Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn的富集,持续的农业施肥和农药使用可能会增加土壤中Cd、Pb的含量。(3)围垦初期(1990s),土壤侵蚀和淋洗脱盐对土壤重金属分布具有显著影响。随着开垦年限的延长(1960s),持续的农业施肥、工业活动(如造纸、石油开采)和城市扩建,都大大增加了土壤重金属含量的累积。(4)不同的围垦方式影响下,除Fe标准化的Cd和Pb在水产养殖区有较高的浓度外,Fe标准化的Cr、Ni、Cu和Zn的浓度均在自然区域(滩地和芦苇)高于人类活动区域(水产养殖、耕地、建设用地)。(5)综合潜在生态风险指数平均值为325.69,表现为极强的生态风险程度,其中Cd表现为极高生态风险的采样点比例为46.51%,是造成区域重金属污染的主要贡献元素,特别是在水产养殖和农业地区。

基于景观生态学的湿地公园空间优化配置方案——以北京琉璃河湿地公园为例

空间分布格局是影响城市湿地公园生态功能的重要因素。以北京琉璃河湿地公园为例,依据格局—过程—功能完整性的优化理念,通过景观结构优化、景观过程调控、景观空间配置,获得研究区空间优化配置方案,促使研究区功能的提升。结果表明:研究区可划分成2个一级功能区和9个二级功能单元;通过水文流通过程、水文循环过程优化调控,使研究区水面面积增加0.68 km2;综合空间格局优化及水文过程调控结果,提出包含斑块配置、廊道配置的空间优化配置方案,优化配置后使研究区斑块数增加924块,湿地面积增加146.51%,水质净化、物种保育及观赏与教育功能均得到较大的提升。

辽宁中部城市群城市非点源污染负荷评估

过去几十年我国经历了快速城市化过程,这使得不透水面大幅度增加,导致地表径流和洪峰流量增加,进入水体的污染物增多。城市非点源污染已成为河流水体恶化、生态系统退化的重要原因。在快速城市化过程中,城市群已成为城市化发展的新阶段。位于同一流域的各城市所产生的城市非点源污染导致城市群流域水环境问题越来越突出,成为制约城市群流域可持续发展的关键因素之一。现有的关于城市非点源的研究多集中于城市内部小尺度,对城市群大尺度的研究亟需发展。以位于浑河太子河流域的辽宁中部城市群为例,在沈阳市不同功能区和不同下垫面进行降雨径流采样,基于事件平均浓度(EMC)法和SWMM(Storm Water Management Model)模型相结合的方式,定量评估城市群流域城市非点源污染负荷。研究结果表明:路面径流中城市非点源污染物浓度、负荷量及其单位面积负荷要高于屋面径流和透水面径流。辽宁中部城市群TP、TN、COD、TSS的年均城市非点源污染负荷分别为265.52、852.89、2249.71、192496.74 t/a,重金属Cd、Ni、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn的年均城市非点源污染负荷分别为347.99、9932.62、25861.29、28360.41、36068.30、138840.42 kg/a。沈阳市城市非点源污染负荷最高,但其单位面积负荷最低。研究基于更为精细的城市下垫面划分,综合考虑城市功能区划、下垫面类型和降雨强度,更为准确的评估了辽宁中部城市群流域的城市非点源污染负荷。研究能够为高度城市化流域城市非点源污染防控和水环境综合治理提供科学依据。

Combining CLUE-S and SWAT Models to Forecast Land Use Change and Non-point Source Pollution Impact at a Watershed Scale in Liaoning Province, China

Non-point source(NPS) pollution has become a major source of water pollution. A combination of models would provide the necessary direction and approaches designed to control NPS pollution through land use planning. In this study, NPS pollution load was simulated in urban planning, historic trends and ecological protection land use scenarios based on the Conversion of Land Use and its Effect at Small regional extent(CLUE-S) and Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) models applied to Hunhe-Taizi River Watershed, Liaoning Province, China. Total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) were chosen as NPS pollution indices. The results of models validation showed that CLUE-S and SWAT models were suitable in the study area. NPS pollution mainly came from dry farmland, paddy, rural and urban areas. The spatial distribution of TN and TP exhibited the same trend in 57 sub-catchments. The TN and TP had the highest NPS pollution load in the western and central plains, which concentrated the urban area and farm land. The NPS pollution load would increase in the urban planning and historic trends scenarios, and would be even higher in the urban planning scenario. However, the NPS pollution load decreased in the ecological protection scenario. The differences observed in the three scenarios indicated that land use had a degree of impact on NPS pollution, which showed that scientific and ecologically sound construction could effectively reduce the NPS pollution load in a watershed. This study provides a scientific method for conducting NPS pollution research at the watershed scale, a scientific basis for non-point source pollution control, and a reference for related policy making.

Rocky Desertification Risk Zone Delineation in Karst Plateau Area:A Case Study in Puding County,Guizhou Province

Karst rocky desertification is a geo-ecological problem in Southwest China.The rocky desertification risk zone delineation could be used as a guide for the regional and hierarchical rocky desertification management and prevention.We chose the middle and lower reaches of the Houzhai underground basin on the karst plateau in Puding County, Guizhou Province, China as the study area and selected land use type, elevation, slope, aspect, lithology and settlement buffer as the main driving factors of the rocky desertification.The potential risk of rocky desertification was quantified with the factor-weights union method and statistical analysis method.Five grades of rocky desertification risk were delineated based on Geographic Information System.The extremely low, low, moderate, high and extremely high rocky desertification risk zones accounted for 5.01%, 44.17%, 33.92%, 15.59% and 1.30%, respectively.As a whole, the rocky desertification risk level was moderate because the area of low and moderate rocky desertification risk zones occupied 78.09% of the study area.However, more than half of the area(about 50.81%) was predicted to have moderate rocky desertification risk and above, indicating that the study area was subject to rocky desertification.Rocky desertification risk was higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest of the study area.Distinct differences in the distribution of rocky desertification risk zones corresponding to different factors have been found.

Urban Green Space Planning Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics Model and Landscape Ecology Principle:A Case Study of Liaoyang City,Northeast China

As a result of environmental degradation,urban green space has become a key issue for urban sustainable development.This paper takes Liaoyang City in Northeast China as an example to develop green space planning using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model,landscape ecological principles and Geographical Information System (GIS).Based on the influencing factors of topography,building density and orientation,Shou Mountain,Longding Mountain and the Taizi River were selected as the urban ventilation paths to promote wind and oxygen circulation.Oxygen concentration around the green spaces gradually decreased with wind speed increase and wind direction change.There were obvious negative correlation relationships between the oxygen dispersion concentration and urban layout factors such as the building plot ratio and building density.Comparison with the field measurements found that there was significant correlation relationship between simulated oxygen concentration and field measurements (R 2=0.6415,p<0.001),moreover,simulation precision was higher than 92%,which indicated CFD model was effective for urban oxygen concentration simulation.Only less than 10% areas in Liaoyang City proper needed more green space urgently to improve oxygen concentration,mainly concentrated in Baitai and west Wensheng districts.Based on land-scape ecology principle,green space planning at different spatial scales were proposed to create a green space network system for Liaoyang City,including features such as green wedges,green belts and parks.Totally,about 2012 ha of green space need to be constructed as oxygen sources and ventilation paths.Compared with the current green space pattern,proposed green space planning could improve oxygen concentration obviously.The CFD model and research results in this paper could provide an effective way and theory support for sustainable development of urban green space.

城市湿地公园生态要素重构研究——以北京琉璃河湿地公园为例

湿地植被是评价湿地空间结构、功能和过程的重要指标之一。以北京琉璃河湿地公园为例,针对该湿地公园西侧区域植被种类少、河流水质差、景观多样性不高、观赏效果不佳等问题,以实现湿地水质净化功能、物种保育及观赏科普功能为目标,对琉璃河主河道进行优化并营建湿地。基于研究区土地利用现状及修复目标,提出湿地修复的三大功能区(水质净化功能区、物种保育功能区及观赏科普功能区)及其总体布局;对不同功能区,分别从基底修复及植被配置方面提出湿地生态要素重构方案。方案优化及营建湿地1.13 km2,配置植物群落28种,在兼顾了水质净化及物种保育功能的同时提升了观赏功能。

Effects of Forest Roads on Habitat Pattern for Sables in Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeasten China

The anthropogenic managements of forest have created a network of roads resulting in the loss and alternation of habitat. To better understand road′s impact on animal habitats, we assessed the habitat pattern of sables(Martes zibellina), one of rodents within national first-class protected species, when roads are considered in Huzhong area in Da Hinggan Mountains, northeastern China. Employing published literatures about behavior ecology, aerial photographs and forest stand maps, we classified the study area into three habitat types including best-suitable, suitable and unsuitable habitats based on sable habitat requirements at the landscape scale including four variables derived from forest source map with attribute database. Results indicated the loss and significant fragmentation of best-suitable habitat and home range habitat when roads, especially 150 m avoidance distance of roads, were considered. The roads reduced and fragmented highly suitable habitats more significantly during earlier development period than the later development period. Additionally, the suitable area percentage increased with increasing distance to roads. This study helped to identify the suitable area for sables and location of sable population. Also, this study suggested the passage construction and road management involving road closure and removal will reduce the fragmentation functionally and benefit the sable population.

Geographical Variation and Influencing Factors of Spartina alterniflora Expansion Rate in Coastal China

Biological invasion poses a huge threat to ecological security.Spartina alterniflora was introduced into China in 1979,and its arrival corresponded with negative effects on native ecosystems.To explore geographical variation of its expansion rate in coastal China,we selected 43 S.alterniflora sites from Tianjin Coastal New Area to Beihai.The area expansion rate,expansion rate paralleling and vertical to the shoreline were analysed based on Landsat images and field survey in 2015.Simple Ocean Data Assimilation(SODA)and climate data were collected to statistically analyse the influential factors of expansion rate.Results showed that significant difference of S.alterniflora area expansion rate among different latitude zones(P<0.01),increasing from 6.08%at southern(21°N–23°N)to 19.87% in Bohai Bay(37°N–39°N)along latitude gradient.There was a significant difference in expansion rate vertical to shoreline in different latitude zones(P<0.01)with the largest occurring in Bohai Bay(256m/yr,37°N–39°N),and showed an decreasing tendency gradually from north to south.No significant difference and latitudinal clines in expansion rate paralleling to shoreline were observed.Expansion rate had significant negative correlation with mean seawater temperature,the lowest seawater temperature,current zonal velocity and meridional velocity and presented a reducing trend as these biotic factors increased;however,they were not significantly correlated with the highest seawater temperature and mean seawater salinity.We identified significant correlations between expansion rate and annual mean temperature,the lowest temperature in January and annual precipitation,but there was little correlation with annual diurnal difference in temperature and the highest temperature in July.The rapid expansion rate in high-latitude China demonstrated a higher risk of potential invasion in the north;dynamic monitoring and control management should be established as soon as possible.

A Landscape Pattern Analysis Method Based on Boundaries and Nodes:A Case Study in Upper Minjiang River,China

Traditionally,patch-based analysis at the landscape scale fragmentation has been used in the study of landscape ecology while the study of boundary and node has not been considered as much detail until recently.This study investigated the possibility of applying boundary-and node-based methods in landscape pattern analysis to the upper reaches of the Minjiang River in the southwestern China.Boundary-based and node-based landscape indices were selected to be used in analyzing changes in landscape patterns,and the results were compared with analysis using traditional pattern indices.We compared the responses of patch-area-based,boundary-length-based and node-number-based indices,and concluded that boundary-based and node-based indices are more sensitive to disturbance than patch-based indices with various patterns,and node-based indices are even more sensitive than boundary-based ones.Thus,the results suggest that boundary-based and node-based pattern analysis methods provide helpful supplementary information to traditional patch-based pattern analysis methods.The results about pattern dynamics of landscapes in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River based on boundaries and nodes showed that with human disturbance,the dominance of forest landscape was weakened by other landscape types;thus the landscape pattern of the study area became more homogeneous and the boundary network became more complex.These changes further augmented disturbance interfaces in the landscape and increased the possibilities of further landscape fragmentation.

Tree Planting:How Fast Can It Accelerate Post-fire Forest Restoration?——A Case Study in Northern Da Hinggan Mountains,China

In 1987,a catastrophic fire burned over 1330000 ha in the densely forested area of the Da Hinggan Mountains in the northeastern China.After the fire,intensive management including burned trunk harvesting and coniferous tree planting had been conducted to accelerate forest restoration.To study the long term effect of these activities on forest recovery,we used a simulation modeling approach to study long-term(300 years) forest dynamics under current planting and natural regeneration scenarios.Results indicate that under tree planting scenario in the severely burned area,the dominant species Dahurian larch(Larix gmelinii) can reach pre-fire level(60% of the area) within 20 years and the maximum abundance can reach nearly 90% within 100 years.While under natural regeneration scenario,it needs about 250 years to reach its pre-fire level.From the perspective of timber production,tree planting can bring twice as much timber volume as that under natural regeneration within 300 years,which is the average longevity of L.gmelinii.It needs about 70 years to reach the timber volume of pre-fire level under the planting scenario,whereas it requires at least 250 years to reach the timber volume of pre-fire level under natural regeneration scenario.Another dominant species Asian White birch(Betula platyphylla) responded negatively to the planting of coniferous species.In general,tree planting of coniferous species after fire can greatly accelerate forest restoration in terms of species abundance and target timber volume,with desirable ecological and economic returns.

Identification of Suitable Hydrologic Response Unit Thresholds for Soil and Water Assessment Tool Streamflow Modelling

Use of a non-zero hydrologic response unit(HRU) threshold is an effective way of reducing unmanageable HRU numbers and simplifying computational cost in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT) hydrologic modelling. However, being less representative of watershed heterogeneity and increasing the level of model output uncertainty are inevitable when minor HRU combinations are disproportionately eliminated. This study examined 20 scenarios by running the model with various HRU threshold settings to understand the mechanism of HRU threshold effects on watershed representation as well as streamflow predictions and identify the appropriate HRU thresholds. Findings show that HRU numbers decrease sharply with increasing HRU thresholds. Among different HRU threshold scenarios, the composition of land-use, soil, and slope all contribute to notable variations which are directly related to the model input parameters and consequently affect the streamflow predictions. Results indicate that saturated hydraulic conductivity, average slope of the HRU, and curve number are the three key factors affecting stream discharge when changing the HRU thresholds. It is also found that HRU thresholds have little effect on monthly model performance, while evaluation statistics for daily discharges are more sensitive than monthly results. For daily streamflow predictions, thresholds of 5%/5%/5%(land-use/soil/slope) are the optimum HRU threshold level for the watershed to allow full consideration of model accuracy and efficiency in the present work. Besides, the results provide strategies for selecting appropriate HRU thresholds based on the modelling goal.

Changes of forest fire regime and landscape pattern under different harvesting modes in a boreal forest of Northeast China

Forest management such as timber harvesting shapes fire regimes and landscape patterns, and these patterns often differ significantly from those under natural disturbances. Our objective was to examine the effects of timber harvesting modes on fire regimes and landscape patterns in a boreal forest of Northeast China. We used a spatially explicit landscape model, LANDIS, to simulate the changes of forest landscape in the Huzhong forest region of the Great Khingan Mountains under no-cutting, clear-cutting, gradual-cutting and selective-cutting modes. Results showed that：（1） the fine fuel loadings generally decreased while the coarse fuel loadings increased with the increase of timber harvesting intensity;（2） the potential burn area significantly varied among different cutting modes, but the potential fire frequency had no obvious difference. Moreover, timber harvesting generally increased the potential fire risk;（3） clear-cutting mode significantly decreased the mean patch size and the aggregation of larch forests and increased the mean patch size and the aggregation of white birch forests. Therefore, clear-cutting mode should be abandoned, and selective-cutting mode be recommended for the sustainable forest management in the Great Khingan Mountains.

籼型常规早稻松雅早1号直播栽培技术及建议

籼型常规早稻松雅早1号具有生育期短、分蘖力强、结实率高、米质好等优点。本文对该品种的产量表现及直播栽培技术进行了介绍,分析了早稻直播栽培存在的问题,并提出了相关建议,以期为种植户提供参考。

中国东北地区人为活动对森林景观格局及鹿科动物生境的影响（英文）

Species abundance and habitat distribution are two important aspects of species conservation studies and both are affected by similar environmental factors. Forest resource inventory data in 2010 were used to evaluate the patterns of habitat for target species of Cervidae in six typical forestry bureaus of the Yichun forest area in the Lesser Xing’an Mountains, northeastern China. A habitat suitability index(HSI) model was used based on elevation, slope, aspect, vegetation and age of tree. These five environmental factors were selected by boosted regression tree(BRT) analysis from 14 environmental variables collected during field surveys. Changes in habitat caused by anthropogenic activities mainly involving settlement and road factors were also considered. The results identified 1780.49 km2 of most-suitable and 1770.70 km2 of unsuitable habitat areas under natural conditions, covering 16.38% and 16.29% of the entire study area, respectively. The area of most-suitable habitat had been reduced by 4.86% when human interference was taken into account, whereas the unsuitable habitat area had increased by 11.3%, indicating that anthropogenic disturbance turned some potential habitats into unsuitable ones. Landscape metrics indicated that average patch area declined while patch density and edge density increased. This suggests that as habitat becomes fragmented and its quality becomes degraded by human activities, cervid populations will be threatened with extirpation. The study helped identify the spatial extent of habitat influenced by anthropogenic interference for the local cervid population. As cervid species clearly avoid human activities, more attention should be paid on considering the way and intensity of human activities for habitat management as fully as possible.

Study on Forecast Scenarios for Simulation of Future Urban Growth in Shenyang City Based on SLEUTH Model

The SLEUTH urban growth model was used to simulate future urban growth patterns and to explore potential environ-mental impacts of urban development under different conditions of development in Shenyang City, China. The SLEUTH model was calibrated with historical data (1988-2004) extracted from a time series of TM satellite images, and the future growth was pro-jected out to 2030 assuming three different policy scenarios: (1) current trends scenario (Scenario CT), (2) regional policy and ur-ban planning scenario (Scenario PP), and (3) environmental protection scenario (Scenario EP). Scenario analysis showed that urban growth would accelerate under all policy scenarios with significant differences in development pattern and sustainability after 2016. Urban development under Scenario CT would lead to substantial loss of resource lands than that under the other two scenarios, and the urban landscape pattern would be increasingly complex and dispersed. In contrast, urban growth under scenario PP and EP would consume less natural resource land and show a relatively compact urban development pattern during the prediction period. This study suggested that it is crucial to take stringent urban planning and management measures to control future urban growth and to protect primary farmland and the support system of urban ecology in Shenyang City. The SLEUTH model is a useful planning tool to guide sustainable utilization of urban land resources to a certain extent.