The high efficiency,solution processibility,and flexibility of perovskite solar cells make them promising candidates for the photovoltaic industry[1−8].The deposition method is one of the most critical factors that af...The high efficiency,solution processibility,and flexibility of perovskite solar cells make them promising candidates for the photovoltaic industry[1−8].The deposition method is one of the most critical factors that affect the performance of perovskite films.Various deposition methods have been developed to make perovskite films,including spin-coating,slotdie coating.展开更多
Asia stands out as the most populous and geographically diverse region globally.The pressing issues of water resource development and the resulting ecological impacts are exacerbated by the region's rapid populati...Asia stands out as the most populous and geographically diverse region globally.The pressing issues of water resource development and the resulting ecological impacts are exacerbated by the region's rapid population growth and economic expansion.Groundwater,a vital source of water in Asia,faces significant disparities in distribution and suffers from unsustainable exploitation practices.This study applies groundwater system theory and categorizes Asia into 11 primary groundwater systems and 36 secondary ones,based on intercontinental geological structures,climate,terrain,and hydrogeological characteristics.As of the end of 2010,Asia's assessed groundwater resources totalled 4.677×10^(9) m^(3)/a,with exploitable resources amounting to 3.274×10^(9) m^(3)/a.By considering the geological environmental impacts of groundwater development and the distinctive characteristics of terrain and landforms,six categories of effect zones with varying distribution patterns are identified.The current research on Asia's groundwater resources,environmental dynamics,and human impacts aims to provide a theoretical foundation for sustainable groundwater management and environmental conservation in the region.展开更多
Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have attracted aggressive attention in the photovoltaic field in light of the rapid increasing power conversion efficiency.However,their large-scale application and commercialization are li...Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have attracted aggressive attention in the photovoltaic field in light of the rapid increasing power conversion efficiency.However,their large-scale application and commercialization are limited by the toxicity issue of lead(Pb).Among all the lead-free perovskites,tin(Sn)-based perovskites have shown potential due to their low toxicity,ideal bandgap structure,high carrier mobility,and long hot carrier lifetime.Great progress of Sn-based PSCs has been realized in recent years,and the certified efficiency has now reached over 14%.Nevertheless,this record still falls far behind the theoretical calculations.This is likely due to the uncontrolled nucleation states and pronounced Sn(Ⅳ)vacancies.With insights into the methodologies resolving both issues,ligand engineering-assisted perovskite film fabrication dictates the state-of-the-art Sn-based PSCs.Herein,we summarize the role of ligand engineering during each state of film fabrication,ranging from the starting precursors to the ending fabricated bulks.The incorporation of ligands to suppress Sn~(2+)oxidation,passivate bulk defects,optimize crystal orientation,and improve stability is discussed,respectively.Finally,the remained challenges and perspectives toward advancing the performance of Sn-based PSCs are presented.We expect this review can draw a clear roadmap to facilitate Sn-based PSCs via ligand engineering.展开更多
基金We thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52203217 and 21961160720)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3803300)the open research fund of Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory(2021SLABFK02)for financial support.
文摘The high efficiency,solution processibility,and flexibility of perovskite solar cells make them promising candidates for the photovoltaic industry[1−8].The deposition method is one of the most critical factors that affect the performance of perovskite films.Various deposition methods have been developed to make perovskite films,including spin-coating,slotdie coating.
文摘Asia stands out as the most populous and geographically diverse region globally.The pressing issues of water resource development and the resulting ecological impacts are exacerbated by the region's rapid population growth and economic expansion.Groundwater,a vital source of water in Asia,faces significant disparities in distribution and suffers from unsustainable exploitation practices.This study applies groundwater system theory and categorizes Asia into 11 primary groundwater systems and 36 secondary ones,based on intercontinental geological structures,climate,terrain,and hydrogeological characteristics.As of the end of 2010,Asia's assessed groundwater resources totalled 4.677×10^(9) m^(3)/a,with exploitable resources amounting to 3.274×10^(9) m^(3)/a.By considering the geological environmental impacts of groundwater development and the distinctive characteristics of terrain and landforms,six categories of effect zones with varying distribution patterns are identified.The current research on Asia's groundwater resources,environmental dynamics,and human impacts aims to provide a theoretical foundation for sustainable groundwater management and environmental conservation in the region.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61935016,62275213 and 62205264),the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21961160720)the Fundamental Research Funds for Xi'an Jiaotong University(xzy012022092,xzd012022003 and xzy022022057)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3803300)the open research fund of Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory(2021SLABFK02)。
文摘Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have attracted aggressive attention in the photovoltaic field in light of the rapid increasing power conversion efficiency.However,their large-scale application and commercialization are limited by the toxicity issue of lead(Pb).Among all the lead-free perovskites,tin(Sn)-based perovskites have shown potential due to their low toxicity,ideal bandgap structure,high carrier mobility,and long hot carrier lifetime.Great progress of Sn-based PSCs has been realized in recent years,and the certified efficiency has now reached over 14%.Nevertheless,this record still falls far behind the theoretical calculations.This is likely due to the uncontrolled nucleation states and pronounced Sn(Ⅳ)vacancies.With insights into the methodologies resolving both issues,ligand engineering-assisted perovskite film fabrication dictates the state-of-the-art Sn-based PSCs.Herein,we summarize the role of ligand engineering during each state of film fabrication,ranging from the starting precursors to the ending fabricated bulks.The incorporation of ligands to suppress Sn~(2+)oxidation,passivate bulk defects,optimize crystal orientation,and improve stability is discussed,respectively.Finally,the remained challenges and perspectives toward advancing the performance of Sn-based PSCs are presented.We expect this review can draw a clear roadmap to facilitate Sn-based PSCs via ligand engineering.
