Effects of Non-flooded Cultivation with Straw Mulching on Rice Agronomic Traits and Water Use Efficiency

A field experiment was conducted to study water use efficiency and agronomic traits in rice cultivated in flooded soil and non-flooded soils with and without straw mulching. The total amount of water used by rice under flooded cultivation （FC） was 2.42 and 3.31 times as much as that by rice under the non-flooded cultivation with and without straw mulching, respectively. The average water seepage was 13 560 m^3/ha under the flooded cultivation, 4 750 m^3/ha under the non-flooded cultivation without straw mulching （ZM） and 4 680 m^3/ha under non-flooded cultivation with straw mulching （SM）. The evapotranspiration in the SM treatment was only 38.2% and 63.6% of the FC treatment and ZM treatment, respectively. Compared with the ZM treatment, straw mulching significantly increased leaf area per plant, main root length, gross root length and root dry weight per plant of rice. The highest grain yield under the SM treatment （6 747 kg/ha） was close to the rice cultivated in flooded soil （6 811.5 kg / ha）. However, the yield under the ZM treatment （4 716 kg/ha） was much lower than that under the FS treatment and SM treatment. The order of water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency were both as follows： SM〉 ZM〉 FC.

肝胆系统疾病患者术后感染的相关因素及护理预防措施研究

目的探讨导致肝胆系统疾病患者发生术后感染的相关因素,分析并总结相关护理预防措施。方法选取2012年5月-2017年5月医院肝胆外科接受治疗的肝胆系统疾病患者550例,对其临床相关资料进行回顾性分析,探讨易导致术后感染发生的相关因素。结果 550例肝胆系统疾病患者术后感染112例,感染率为20.36%,无多部位感染患者;感染部位中深部手术切口感染率最高,为29.46%,其次为下呼吸道感染26.79%、泌尿系统感染21.43%;112例术后感染患者中,送标本培养102例,共分离病原菌90株,包括革兰阴性菌84株及革兰阳性菌6株;革兰阴性菌中鲍氏不动杆菌32株、铜绿假单胞菌41株、肺炎克雷伯菌11株;革兰阳性菌中金黄色葡萄球菌3株、粪肠球菌1株、表皮葡萄球菌2株;相关因素包括:外界因素:手术切口长度、手术时间、抗菌药物使用种类、术中出血量、是否使用聚维酮碘清洗切口、术后引流时间等;患者自身因素:年龄、是否超重(肥胖)、是否伴有糖尿病、血清总胆红素、白细胞计数、血红蛋白值等。结论导致肝胆系统疾病患者发生术后感染的相关因素较多,在临床工作中护理人员应根据相关因素及时采取系统、有效且具有针对性的预防护理措施,以减少感染的发生,提高手术效果。