Mountains and plateaus in Southwest China contain many subalpine and alpine wetlands, with significant hydroecological functions. But ungauged or poorly gauged conditions limit the study and understanding of hydrologi...Mountains and plateaus in Southwest China contain many subalpine and alpine wetlands, with significant hydroecological functions. But ungauged or poorly gauged conditions limit the study and understanding of hydrological regimes of these wetland types. This study selects an ungauged subalpine wetland-Napahai in Northwest Yunnan, China-as a case for developing a practical approach to revealing its storage-area relationship of open water. A Trimble R8 GNSS (Global Navigation Satellites Systems) RTK (Real-time Kinematic system) and sonar fathometer were used to survey fine-resolution elevation data and generate a digital elevation model of the Napahai Wetland. Forty-four Landsat images from 1987 to 2011 were collected, and the Normalized Difference Water Index was used to classify open water features in the area. The area of open water in Napahai was calculated for each phase. With these data and a developed conceptual model, the storage of open water for each phase was estimated using ArcGIS tools. Both storage and area of open water showed significant intra-annual and inter-annual variations. In the rainy season, the monthly change of average storage of open water in Napahai showed about 1-2 months lag behind mean monthly rainfall. The storage-area relationship of open water was well fit by a power function equation (R 2 ≈0.91, n=44). This study indicates that if detailedelevations are available for similarly ungauged subalpine wetlands in Southwest China, researchers can use this practical approach to estimate multi- temporal areas and storages and reveal the storage-area relationship of open water in the wetlands. The study provided valuable information of this case wetland for optimizing its hydro-ecological managements and a new method to wetland researchers and managers for the hydrological study of similarly ungauged wetland complex.展开更多
A prototype of multi-gap resistive plate chamber (MRPC) modules with 6 gas gaps of 220 μm used for the time-of-flight (TOF) detectors has been developed by STAR TOF group. A tray (TOFr) composed of 28 MRPC modules wa...A prototype of multi-gap resistive plate chamber (MRPC) modules with 6 gas gaps of 220 μm used for the time-of-flight (TOF) detectors has been developed by STAR TOF group. A tray (TOFr) composed of 28 MRPC modules was constructed and operated in STAR for the d+Au collisions and Au+Au collisions during 2003 RHIC and 2004 RHIC run. Results show its time resolution is 85 ps with the average efficiency of 95% and clear identification of K/π up to 1.6 GeV and proton/ K up to 3.0 GeV.展开更多
基金supported by the National Special Basic Research Fund(Grant No.2008FY110300)National Science and Technology Support Program(Grant No.2011BAC09B07)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40961003)Scientific Research Fund Project of Yunnan Education Department(Grant No.2011J018)
文摘Mountains and plateaus in Southwest China contain many subalpine and alpine wetlands, with significant hydroecological functions. But ungauged or poorly gauged conditions limit the study and understanding of hydrological regimes of these wetland types. This study selects an ungauged subalpine wetland-Napahai in Northwest Yunnan, China-as a case for developing a practical approach to revealing its storage-area relationship of open water. A Trimble R8 GNSS (Global Navigation Satellites Systems) RTK (Real-time Kinematic system) and sonar fathometer were used to survey fine-resolution elevation data and generate a digital elevation model of the Napahai Wetland. Forty-four Landsat images from 1987 to 2011 were collected, and the Normalized Difference Water Index was used to classify open water features in the area. The area of open water in Napahai was calculated for each phase. With these data and a developed conceptual model, the storage of open water for each phase was estimated using ArcGIS tools. Both storage and area of open water showed significant intra-annual and inter-annual variations. In the rainy season, the monthly change of average storage of open water in Napahai showed about 1-2 months lag behind mean monthly rainfall. The storage-area relationship of open water was well fit by a power function equation (R 2 ≈0.91, n=44). This study indicates that if detailedelevations are available for similarly ungauged subalpine wetlands in Southwest China, researchers can use this practical approach to estimate multi- temporal areas and storages and reveal the storage-area relationship of open water in the wetlands. The study provided valuable information of this case wetland for optimizing its hydro-ecological managements and a new method to wetland researchers and managers for the hydrological study of similarly ungauged wetland complex.
基金Supported by National Foundation of Natural Sciences of China (10375062)
文摘A prototype of multi-gap resistive plate chamber (MRPC) modules with 6 gas gaps of 220 μm used for the time-of-flight (TOF) detectors has been developed by STAR TOF group. A tray (TOFr) composed of 28 MRPC modules was constructed and operated in STAR for the d+Au collisions and Au+Au collisions during 2003 RHIC and 2004 RHIC run. Results show its time resolution is 85 ps with the average efficiency of 95% and clear identification of K/π up to 1.6 GeV and proton/ K up to 3.0 GeV.
