落差指数法在三江口水文站应用初探

贵港市沿江支流大多数水文站高水部分均受郁江、黔江和浔江洪水顶托影响,导致高水部分水位流量点子散乱,定线比较困难。本文以三里站为落差计算参证站,采用落差指数法对三江口站水位流量关系进行单值化分析,探索该站受大江大河回水影响后水位流量关系定线难的问题,为受回水影响站点的水位流量关系定线方法提供借鉴。

日光诱导叶绿素荧光与反射率光谱数据监测小麦条锈病严重度的对比分析

小麦条锈病是影响我国小麦产量的主要病害之一,在小麦受到条锈病菌侵染初期探测到病害信息,对小麦条锈病的防控以及产量和品质的提高具有更为重要的意义。反射率光谱主要反映植被生化组分的浓度信息,而日光诱导叶绿素荧光则对植物光合生理变化响应灵敏。为了更好地实现小麦条锈病病情严重度的遥感探测,尤其是条锈病的早期探测,对日光诱导叶绿素荧光和反射率光谱数据监测小麦条锈病病情严重度的敏感性进行了对比分析。首先利用地物光谱仪测定了不同病情严重度的小麦冠层光谱数据,基于夫琅和费暗线原理利用3FLD(three-band Fraunhofer Line Discrimination)方法提取了小麦条锈病不同病情严重度下的日光诱导叶绿素荧光数据,然后分别利用反射率光谱数据和日光诱导叶绿素荧光数据构建小麦条锈病不同发病状态下的遥感探测模型,并通过保留样本交叉检验方式对预测模型精度进行了评价。结果表明:(1)当小麦条锈病病情指数低于20%时,日光诱导叶绿素荧光对小麦条锈病病害信息的响应比反射率光谱数据更为敏感,以日光诱导叶绿素荧光为自变量构建的小麦条锈病病情严重度预测模型达到了极显著性水平,能够在植被叶绿素含量或叶面积指数发生变化之前探测到植物的胁迫状态,实现作物病害的早期诊断,而反射率光谱数据则难以探测到条锈病病害信息;(2)在小麦条锈病病情严重度处于中度发病(20%<DI≤45%)状态时,虽然日光诱导叶绿素荧光和反射率光谱数据均能实现小麦条锈病病情严重度的遥感探测,但利用日光诱导叶绿素荧光数据构建的预测模型优于反射率光谱数据;(3)当小麦条锈病病情严重度达到重度水平(DI>45%)时,利用反射率光谱数据和日光诱导叶绿素荧光数据构建的小麦条锈病病情严重度预测模型均达到了极显著性水平,两种数据均能够较好地实现小麦条锈病病情严重度的遥感探测。该研究结果对提高小麦条锈病的遥感探测精度具有重要的意义,为利用TanSat等卫星的荧光数据进行小麦条锈病的早期探测提供了参考依据。

植被指数方法估算冬小麦冠层叶绿素含量的角度效应研究

叶绿素是表征作物长势状况、光合作用能力及生理状况的重要指标,其含量变化对于分析作物生理生化过程以及指导作物精准管理具有重要意义。该文结合辐射传输模型模拟数据和实测多角度遥感数据研究不同叶倾角株型冬小麦叶绿素含量反演的角度效应,即观测天顶角和太阳天顶角变化对植被指数方法估算冬小麦冠层叶绿素含量精度的影响。结果表明:模拟与实测多角度数据的角度效应影响植被指数与冠层叶绿素含量的相关性,实测多角度数据观测天顶角变化对植被指数与冠层叶绿素含量相关性的影响显著高于太阳天顶角以及平均叶倾角变化特征的影响。其中,实测多角度数据下,红边归一化植被指数(ND705)在后向10°和20°观测天顶角下估算冠层叶绿素含量精度最高(R^(2)=0.71,RMSE=49.95μg/cm^(2),RRMSE=22%);角度不敏感植被指数(AIVI)垂直观测下估算冠层叶绿素含量精度最高(R^(2)=0.72,RMSE=49.08μg/cm^(2),RRMSE=21%);观测天顶角小于30°时,红边植被指数估算冠层叶绿素含量精度受角度效应影响较小。

MaxEnt与遥感技术在草原蝗虫灾害风险监测中的应用:以东乌珠穆沁旗农业文化遗产为例

东乌珠穆沁旗游牧生产系统是我国重要的农业文化遗产,具有极高的生态、经济、景观、技术和文化价值,然而近年来当地饱受蝗虫灾害的影响,草原正面临着前所未有的威胁与挑战。该研究选取东乌珠穆沁旗为研究区,以草原蝗虫为风险因子,结合草原蝗虫生长特性,基于最大熵模型(MaxEnt),构建基于遥感、土壤、植被和地形的草原蝗虫发生风险指标体系,分析不同生境因子对草原蝗虫发生的影响,对草原蝗虫发生风险区进行提取并分级。结果表明:模型模拟结果良好,平均曲线下面积(areas under curve,AUC)为0.826;草原蝗虫发生风险的主要影响因子为孵化期地表温度、生长期地表温度和产卵期降水;高风险区主要分布在嘎达布其镇,面积为920 km 2。该研究有利于更好地保护东乌珠穆沁旗游牧生产系统农业文化遗产,也可为其他草原类农业文化遗产灾害风险监测提供技术支撑。

Relationship of 2 100-2 300 nm Spectral Characteristics of Wheat Canopy to Leaf Area Index and Leaf N as Affected by Leaf Water Content

The effects of leaf water status in a wheat canopy on the accuracy of estimating leaf area index (LAI) and N were determined in this study using extracted spectral characteristics in the 2 000-2 300 nm region of the short wave infrared (SWI) band. A newly defined spectral index, relative adsorptive index in the 2000-2300 nm region (RAI2000-2300), which can be calculated by RAI2000-2300 = (R2224 - R2054) (R2224 + R2054)-1 with R being the reflectance at 2224 or 2054 nm, was utilized. This spectral index, RAI2000-2300, was significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with green LAI and leaf N concentration and proved to be potentially valuable for monitoring plant green LAI and leaf N at the field canopy scale. Moreover, plant LAI could be monitored more easily and more successfully than plant leaf N. The study also showed that leaf water had a strong masking effect on the 2 000-2 300 nm spectral characteristics and both the coefficient between RAI2000-2300 and green LAI and that between RAI2000-2300 and leaf N content decreased as leaf water content increased.

Leaf chlorophyll content retrieval of wheat by simulated RapidEye, Sentinel-2 and EnMAP data

Leaf chlorophyll content(LCC)is an important physiological indicator of the actual health status of individual plants.An accurate estimation of LCC can therefore provide valuable information for precision field management.Red-edge information from hyperspectral data has been widely used to estimate crop LCC.However,after the advent of red-edge bands in satellite imagery,no systematic evaluation of the performance of satellite data has been conducted.Toward this end,we analyze herein the performance of winter wheat LCC retrieval of currant and forthcoming satellites(RapidEye,Sentinel-2 and EnMAP)and their new red-edge bands by using partial least squares regression(PLSR)and a vegetation-indexbased approach.These satellite spectral data were obtained by resampling ground-measured hyperspectral data under various field conditions and according to specific spectral response functions and spectral resolution.The results showed:1)This study confirmed that RapidEye,Sentinel-2 and EnMAP data are suitable for winter wheat LCC retrieval.For the PLSR approach,Sentinel-2 data provided more accurate estimates of LCC(R2=0.755,0.844,0.805 for 2002,2010,and 2002+2010)than do RapidEye data(R2=0.689,0.710,0.707 for 2002,2010,and 2002+2010)and EnMAP data(R2=0.735,0.867,0.771 for 2002,2010,and 2002+2010).For index-based approaches,the MERIS terrestrial chlorophyll index,which is a vegetation index with two red-edge bands,was the most sensitive and robust index for LCC for both the Sentinel-2 and EnMAP data(R2≥0.628),and the indices(NDRE1,SRRE1 and CIRE1)with a single red-edge band were the most sensitive and robust indices for the RapidEye data(R2≥0.420);2)According to the analysis of the effect of the wavelength and number of used red-edge spectral bands on LCC retrieval,the short-wavelength red-edge bands(from 699 to 734 nm)provided more accurate predictions when using the PLSR approach,whereas the long-wavelength red-edge bands(740 to 783 nm)gave more accurate predictions when using the vegetation indice(VI)approach.In addition,the prediction accuracy of RapidEye,Sentinel-2 and EnMAP data was improved gradually because of more number of red-edge bands and higher spectral resolution;VI regression models that contain a single or multiple red-edge bands provided more accurate predictions of LCC than those without red-edge bands,but for normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)-,simple ratio(SR)-and chlorophyll index(CI)-like index,two red-edge bands index didn’t significantly improve the predictive accuracy of LCC than those indices with a single red-edge band.Although satellite data with higher spectral resolution and a greater number of red-edge bands marginally improve the accuracy of estimates of crop LCC,the level of this improvement remains insufficient because of higher spectral resolution,which results in a worse signal-to-noise ratio.The results of this study are helpful to accurately monitor LCC of winter wheat in large-area and provide some valuable advice for design of red-edge spectral bands of satellite sensor in future.

Spectroscopic Leaf Level Detection of Powdery Mildew for Winter Wheat Using Continuous Wavelet Analysis

Powdery mildew （Blumeria graminis） is one of the most destructive crop diseases infecting winter wheat plants, and has devastated millions of hectares of farmlands in China. The objective of this study is to detect the disease damage of powdery mildew on leaf level by means of the hyperspectral measurements, particularly using the continuous wavelet analysis. In May 2010, the reflectance spectra and the biochemical properties were measured for 114 leaf samples with various disease severity degrees. A hyperspectral imaging system was also employed for obtaining detailed hyperspectral information of the normal and the pustule areas within one diseased leaf. Based on these spectra data, a continuous wavelet analysis （CWA） was carried out in conjunction with a correlation analysis, which generated a so-called correlation scalogram that summarizes the correlations between disease severity and the wavelet power at different wavelengths and decomposition scales. By using a thresholding approach, seven wavelet features were isolated for developing models in determining disease severity. In addition, 22 conventional spectral features （SFs） were also tested and compared with wavelet features for their efficiency in estimating disease severity. The multivariate linear regression （MLR） analysis and the partial least square regression （PLSR） analysis were adopted as training methods in model mildew on leaf level were found to be closely related with the development. The spectral characteristics of the powdery spectral characteristics of the pustule area and the content of chlorophyll. The wavelet features performed better than the conventional SFs in capturing this spectral change. Moreover, the regression model composed by seven wavelet features outperformed （R2=0.77, relative root mean square error RRMSE=0.28） the model composed by 14 optimal conventional SFs （R2---0.69, RRMSE--0.32） in estimating the disease severity. The PLSR method yielded a higher accuracy than the MLR method. A combination of CWA and PLSR was found to be promising in providing relatively accurate estimates of disease severity of powdery mildew on leaf level.

Detection of Internal Leaf Structure Deterioration Using a New Spectral Ratio Index in the Near-Infrared Shoulder Region

Spectral reflectance in the near-infrared （NIR） shoulder （750-900 nm） region is affected by internal leaf structure, but it has rarely been investigated. In this study, a dehydration treatment and three paraquat herbicide applications were conducted to explore how spectral reflectance and shape in the NIR shoulder region responded to various stresses. A new spectral ratio index in the NIR shoulder region （NSRI）, defined by a simple ratio of reflectance at 890 nm to reflectance at 780 nm, was proposed for assessing leaf structure deterioration. Firstly, a wavelength-independent increase in spectral reflectance in the NIR shoulder region was observed from the mature leaves with slight dehydration. An increase in spectral slope in the NIR shoulder would be expected only when water stress developed sufficiently to cause severe leaf dehydration resulting in an alteration in cell structure. Secondly, the alteration of leaf cell structure caused by Paraquat herbicide applications resulted in a wavelength-dependent variation of spectral reflectance in the NIR shoulder region. The NSRI in the NIR shoulder region increased significantly under an herbicide application. Although the dehydration process also occurred with the herbicide injury, NSRI is more sensitive to herbicide injury than the water-related indices （water index and normalized difference water index） and normalized difference vegetation index. Finally, the sensitivity of NSRI to stripe rust in winter wheat was examined, yielding a determination coefficient of 0.61, which is more significant than normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI）, water index （WI） and normalized difference water index （NDWI）, with a determination coefficient of 0.45, 0.36 and 0.13, respectively. In this study, all experimental results demonstrated that NSRI will increase with internal leaf structure deterioration, and it is also a sensitive spectral index for herbicide injury or stripe rust in winter wheat.

Assessment of Land Suitability Potentials for Selecting Winter Wheat Cultivation Areas in Beijing,China,Using RS and GIS

It is very important to provide reference basis for winter wheat quality regionalization of cultivation area. The aim of this article was based on factors affecting wheat quality and setting realistic spatial models in each part of the land for assessment of land suitability potentials in Beijing, China. The study employed artificial neural network （ANN） analysis to select factors and evaluate the relative importance of selected environment factors on wheat grain quality. The spatial models were developed and demonstrated their use in selecting the most suitable areas for the winter wheat cultivation. The strategy overcomes the non-accurate traditional statistical methods. Satellite images, toposheet, and ancillary data of the study area were used to find tillable land. These categories were formed by integrating the various layers with corresponding weights in geographical information system （GIS）. An integrated land suitability potential （LSP） index was computed considering the contribution of various parameters of land suitability. The study demonstrated that the tillable land could be categorized into spatially distributed agriculture potential zones based on soil nutrient and assembled weather factors using RS and GIS as not suitable, marginally suitable, moderately suitable, suitable, and highly suitable by adopting the logical criteria. The sort of land distribution map made by the factors with their weights showed more truthfulness.

Effects of land use change on the spatiotemporal variability of soil organic carbon in an urban-rural ecotone of Beijing,China

Understanding the effects of land use changes on the spatiotemporal variation of soil organic carbon （SOC） can provide guidance for low carbon and sustainable agriculture. In this paper, based on the large-scale datasets of soil surveys in 1982 and 2009 for Pinggu District -- an urban-rural ecotone of Beijing, China, the effects of land use and land use changes on both temporal variation and spatial variation of SOC were analyzed. Results showed that from 1982 to 2009 in Pinggu District, the following land use change mainly occurred： Grain cropland converted to orchard or vegetable land, and grassland converted to forestland. The SOC content decreased in region where the land use type changed to grain cropland （e.g., vegetable land to grain cropland decreased by 0.7 g kg-1; orchard to grain cropland decreased by 0.2 g kg-l）. In contrast, the SOC content increased in region where the land use type changed to either orchard （excluding forestland） or forestland （e.g., grain cropland to orchard and forestland increased by 2.7 and 2.4 g kg-1, respectively; grassland to orchard and forestland increased by 4.8 and 4.9 g kg-1, respectively）. The organic carbon accumulation capacity per unit mass of the soil increased in the following order： grain cropland soil〈vegetable land/grassland soil〈orchard soil〈forestland soil. Therefore, to both secure supply of agricultural products and develop low carbon agriculture in a modern city, orchard has proven to be a good choice for land using.

Exploring the Feasibility of Winter Wheat Freeze Injury by Integrating Grey System Model with RS and GIS

Winter wheat freeze injury is one of the main agro-meteorological disasters affecting wheat production. In order to evaluate the severity of freeze injury on winter wheat systematically, we proposed a grey-system model （GSM） to monitor the degree and the distribution of the winter wheat freeze injury. The model combines remote sensing （RS） and geographic information system （GIS） technology. It gave examples of wheat freeze injury monitoring applications in Gaocheng and Jinzhou of Hebei Province, China. We carried out a quantitative evaluation method study on the severity of winter wheat freeze injury. First, a grey relational analysis （GRA） was conducted. At the same time, the weights of the stressful factors were determined. Then a wheat freezing injury stress multiple factor spatial matrix was constructed using spatial interpolation technology. Finally, a winter wheat freeze damage evaluation model was established through grey clustering algorithm （GCA）, and classifying the study area into three sub-areas, affected by severe, medium or light disasters. The evaluation model were verified by the Kappa model, the overall accuracy reached 78.82% and the Kappa coefficient was 0.6754. Therefore, through integration of GSM with RS images as well as GIS analysis, quantitative evaluation and study of winter wheat freeze disasters can be conducted objectively and accurately, making the evaluation model more scientific.

基于连续小波分析的植物理化参数反演中光谱分辨率影响分析

基于一套由PROSPECT模型模拟的包含叶绿素含量(Cab)、类胡萝卜素含量(Car)和叶片水含量(LWC)等重要植物生理生化参数及其光谱的数据,通过对光谱进行系列梯度的重采样和CWA分析,详细研究了光谱分辨率对植物生理生化参数反演的影响.结果表明:(1)采用CWA能够成功提取对Cab,Car和LWC等参数敏感的特征并建立具有较高精度的反演模型;(2)随着光谱分辨率的降低,敏感小波特征的数量、相关性以及反演精度总体均呈下降趋势,但下降的幅度、拐点均不相同,体现出分辨率对不同参数影响的差异性;(3)采用CWA反演建模时,不同植物生理生化参数对光谱分辨率敏感性差异较大,LWC敏感性较低,Cab次之,Car敏感性较高.根据这一结果,采用CWA反演Car,Cab和LWC时光谱数据在分辨率不低于8nm,32nm和64nm时能够得到较理想的结果.上述研究能够为实际中进行植被生理生化参数监测时的传感器选择提供依据.

三菱M701F4燃气机组汽机启动过程及应力分析

三菱M701F4燃气–蒸汽联合循环机组具有技术先进、热效率高、启动快、污染小等特点。其机组的启动过程比较复杂,启动时,需进行一系列准备工作,并需要其他辅助系统提前启动。文章介绍了三菱M701F4燃气机组汽机的启动过程,并结合启动过程计算其高中压转子热应力,分析了三菱M701F4燃气机组启动过程的应力情况。

六陈水文站自动蒸发监测系统比测分析

介绍了六陈水文站YY-ZF-01A型自动蒸发监测系统的测量原理与技术特点,通过与E601B型水面蒸发器人工观测蒸发量成果进行对比分析,评估该自动监测设备观测成果的合理性,为六陈站开展全自动观测蒸发量工作新模式提供技术支撑。