Multi‑omics reveals that the host‑microbiome metabolism crosstalk of differential rumen bacterial enterotypes can regulate the milk protein synthesis of dairy cows

Background Dairy cows’lactation performance is the outcome of the crosstalk between ruminal microbial metabo-lism and host metabolism.However,it is still unclear to what extent the rumen microbiome and its metabolites,as well as the host metabolism,contribute to regulating the milk protein yield(MPY).Methods The rumen fluid,serum and milk of 12 Holstein cows with the same diet(45%coarseness ratio),parity(2–3 fetuses)and lactation days(120–150 d)were used for the microbiome and metabolome analysis.Rumen metabolism(rumen metabolome)and host metabolism(blood and milk metabolome)were connected using a weighted gene co-expression network(WGCNA)and the structural equation model(SEM)analyses.Results Two different ruminal enterotypes,with abundant Prevotella and Ruminococcus,were identified as type1 and type2.Of these,a higher MPY was found in cows with ruminal type2.Interestingly,[Ruminococcus]gauvreauii group and norank_f_Ruminococcaceae(the differential bacteria)were the hub genera of the network.In addition,differential ruminal,serum and milk metabolome between enterotypes were identified,where the cows with type2 had higher L-tyrosine of rumen,ornithine and L-tryptophan of serum,and tetrahydroneopterin,palmitoyl-L-carnitine,S-lactoylglutathione of milk,which could provide more energy and substrate for MPY.Further,based on the identi-fied modules of ruminal microbiome,as well as ruminal serum and milk metabolome using WGCNA,the SEM analysis indicated that the key ruminal microbial module1,which contains the hub genera of the network([Ruminococcus]gauvreauii group and norank_f_Ruminococcaceae)and high abundance of bacteria(Prevotella and Ruminococcus),could regulate the MPY by module7 of rumen,module2 of blood,and module7 of milk,which contained L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan.Therefore,in order to more clearly reveal the process of rumen bacterial regulation of MPY,we established the path of SEM based on the L-tyrosine,L-tryptophan and related components.The SEM based on the metabolites suggested that[Ruminococcus]gauvreauii group could inhibit the energy supply of serum tryptophan to MPY by milk S-lactoylglutathione,which could enhance pyruvate metabolism.Norank_f_Ruminococcaceae could increase the ruminal L-tyrosine,which could provide the substrate for MPY.Conclusion Our results indicated that the represented enterotype genera of Prevotella and Ruminococcus,and the hub genera of[Ruminococcus]gauvreauii group and norank_f_Ruminococcaceae could regulate milk protein synthesis by affecting the ruminal L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan.Moreover,the combined analysis of enterotype,WGCNA and SEM could be used to connect rumen microbial metabolism with host metabolism,which provides a fundamental understanding of the crosstalk between host and microorganisms in regulating the synthesis of milk composition.

Effect of fire intensity on active organic and total soil carbon in a Larix gmelinii forest in the Daxing'anling Mountains,Northeastern China

Studying contents and seasonal dynamics of active organic carbon in the soil is an important method for revealing the turnover and regulation mechanism of soil carbon pool. Through 3 years of field sampling and lab analysis, we studied the seasonal variations, content differences, and interrelationships of total organic carbon （TOC）, light fraction organic carbon （LFOC）, and particulate organic carbon （POC） of the soil in the forest areas burned with different fire intensities in the Daxing＇anling Mountains. The mean TOC content in the low-intensity burned area was greater than that in the unburned area, moderate-intensity, and high-intensity burned areas in June and November （P 〈 0.05）. LFOC and POC in the low-intensity burned area were greater than that in either moderate-intensity or high-intensity burned areas, with significant differences in LFOC in September and November （P 〈 0.05）. A significant difference in LFOC between the unburned and burned areas was only found in July （P 〈 0.05）. However, the differences in POC between the unburned and burned areas were not significant in all the whole seasons （P 〉 0.05）. Soil LFOC and POC varied significantly with the seasons （P 〈 0.05） in the Daxing＇anling Mountains. Significant linear relationships were observed between soil TOC, LFOC, and POC, which were positively correlated with soil nitrogen and negatively correlated with soil temperature in the Daxing＇anling Mountains.

CO_(2)LASER PLUS PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY VERSUS CO_(2)LASER IN THE TREATMENT OF CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM:A RANDOMIZED COMPARATIVE STUDY

To compare the efficacy and safety of CO_(2)laser plus 5-aminolevulinic acid(ALA)photodynamic therapy(PDT)with CO_(2)laser for the treatment of multiple condyloma acuminatum(CA),120 patients with multiple CA were allocated into two groups—combined group(CO_(2)laser plus ALA-PDT,n=60)and CO_(2)laser group(CO_(2)laser plus placebo-PDT,n=60).After CO_(2)laser,a 20%ALA or a placebo solution was applied to the CA area 3 h before illumination with red light(635 nm,100mW/cm^(2),80 J/cm^(2)).The treatment was repeated seven days after the first treatment if the lesions were not completely resolved.The complete response rate,recurrence rate and adverse effects in the two groups were analyzed.After two treatments,the complete response rates in the CO_(2)laser group and combined group were 100%(509/509)and 100%(507/507)in the CA(p>0:05),respectively.The recurrence rates in the CO_(2)laser group and combined group were 44.9%(229/509)and 10.6%(54/507)in the CA(p<0:05),respectively.The adverse effects in CO_(2)laser group was more than that in combined group.The combined group is a more effective treatment for multiple CA compared with CO_(2)laser group.T/S.Style the highlighted text as abstract.

Recent advances in catalyst-modified Mg-based hydrogen storage materials

The storage of hydrogen in a compact,safe and cost-effective manner can be one of the key enabling technologies to power a more sustainable society.Magnesium hydride(MgH_(2))has attracted strong research interest as a hydrogen carrier because of its high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen densities.However,the practical use of MgH_(2)for hydrogen storage has been limited due to high operation temperatures and sluggish kinetics.Catalysis is of crucial importance for the enhancement of hydrogen cycling kinetics of Mg/MgH_(2)and considerable work has been focused on designing,fabricating and optimizing catalysts.This review covers the recent advances in catalyzed Mg-based hydrogen storage materials.The fundamental properties and the syntheses of MgH_(2)as a hydrogen carrier are first briefly reviewed.After that,the general catalysis mechanisms and the catalysts developed for hydrogen storage in MgH_(2)are summarized in detail.Finally,the challenges and future research focus are discussed.Literature studies indicate that transition metals,rare-earth metals and their compounds are quite effective in catalyzing hydrogen storage in Mg/MgH_(2).Most metal-containing compounds were converted in situ to elemental metal or their magnesium alloys,and their particle sizes and dispersion affect their catalytic activity.The in-situ construction of catalyzed ultrasmall Mg/MgH_(2)nanostructures(<10 nm in size)is believed to be the future research focus.These important insights will help with the design and development of high-performance catalysts for hydrogen storage in Mg/MgH_(2).

税收优惠会导致企业产能过剩吗?——基于行业投资趋同和企业过度投资双重作用机制检验

论文通过实证检验税收优惠对企业产能利用率的影响机制,讨论产能过剩的形成过程。结果发现,在税收激励下,过度投资是降低产能利用率的部分中介,行业投资趋同是影响企业产能利用率的外在调节机制;但这种调节和中介机制在国有企业和非国有企业作用不同;税收优惠对企业产能利用率的影响从促进到降低要经历一个动态的情境变化过程,只有行业投资趋同程度较高且企业存在严重过度投资时,税收优惠才会导致产能过剩。因此,通过监控行业趋同程度和企业投资效率,精准地实施税收优惠政策,不仅可以通过税收激励提高企业产能利用率,而且可以避免产能过剩。

N-acetylaspartylglutamate Inhibits Heroin Self-Administration and Heroin-Seeking Behaviors Induced by Cue or Priming in Rats

Activation of presynaptic group II metabotropic glutamate receptors（mGluR2/3） inhibits drug reward and drug-seeking behavior, but the role of N-acetylaspartylglutamate（NAAG）, an agonist of endogenous mGluR2/3,in heroin reward and heroin-seeking behavior remained unclear. Here, we aimed to explore the effects of exogenous NAAG on heroin self-administration and heroinseeking behavior. First, rats were trained to self-administer heroin under a fixed ratio 1（FR1） schedule for 10 days,then received NAAG（50 or 100μg/10 μL in each nostril）in the absence or presence of LY341495（1 mg/kg, i.p.）, an antagonist of mGluR2/3, on day 11 and the effects of NAAG on heroin self-administration under FR1 were recorded for 3 consecutive days. Motivation was assessed in heroin self-administration under a progressive ratio schedule on day 11 in another 5 groups with the same doses of NAAG. Additional rats were withdrawn for 14 days after 14 days of heroin self-administration, then received the same pharmacological pretreatment and were tested for heroin-seeking behaviors induced by heroin priming or cues. The results showed that intranasal administration of NAAG significantly decreased intravenous heroin selfadministration on day 12, but not on day 11. Pretreatment with LY341495 prior to testing on day 12 prevented the inhibitory effect of NAAG on heroin reinforcement. The break-point for reward motivation was significantly reduced by NAAG. Moreover, NAAG also significantly inhibited the heroin-seeking behaviors induced by heroinpriming or cues and these were restored by pretreatment with LY341495. These results demonstrated that NAAG,via activation of presynaptic mGluR2/3, attenuated the heroin reinforcement, heroin motivational value, and heroin-seeking behavior, suggesting that it may be used as an adjunct treatment for heroin addiction.