Defining abnormal transmittance as the case where the magnitude of the shortwave flux transmittance is greater than 1.0,the authors used surface solar irradiance and all-sky images obtained at the Yangbajing site in T...Defining abnormal transmittance as the case where the magnitude of the shortwave flux transmittance is greater than 1.0,the authors used surface solar irradiance and all-sky images obtained at the Yangbajing site in Tibet to analyze the reasons for the occurrence of abnormal shortwave flux transmittance.Based on the International Intercomparision of Three-Dimensional Radiation Code(I3RC) Monte Carlo community model of three-dimensional radiative transfer,the authors also performed simulations at a nonabsorbing wavelength and an absorbing wavelength through a stratocumulus and a cumulus field.The results showed the detection of abnormal transmittance on more than half the days,and the maximum transmittance was 1.34.The probability of the occurrence of abnormal transmittance appeared to be largest in summer,and on a daily basis was mainly at about noon local time.Abnormal transmittance mainly appeared when clear sky and clouds co-existed,especially at the edges of broken clouds and nearby regions with clear-sky conditions.The flux transmittance decreased as the solar zenith angle increased.展开更多
Yangbajing (YBJ) is located in the Tibetan Plateau, China. The characteristics of solar radiation and its relationship with clouds at YBJ from April 2009 to April 2010 were analyzed in this paper. The annual mean sola...Yangbajing (YBJ) is located in the Tibetan Plateau, China. The characteristics of solar radiation and its relationship with clouds at YBJ from April 2009 to April 2010 were analyzed in this paper. The annual mean solar radiation was 478.4 W m 2 , and the annual mean transmittance was 0.713. The atmospheric mean trans- mittance of clear skies reaches 0.828 when the solar elevation angle (SEA) is greater than 10 degrees. Comparisons with numerical simulations show that the atmosphere of YBJ is clean. Impacts from atmospheric conditions on solar radiation are similar for clear skies during the year because the standard deviation of transmittance in clear skies was less than 0.05 when the SEA was greater than 10 degrees. It is important to understand the impact of clouds on solar radiation without considering other impact factors. In the last part of this article, the authors analyzed and established a statistical quantitative relationship between surface solar radiation and cloud fraction.展开更多
人肠道病毒71型（enterovims 7l，EV71）是婴幼儿手足口病（hand，foot and mouth disease，HFMD）的主要致病原之一。临床研究发现，EV71感染可导致多种临床表现，从轻微HFMD到致命性脑干脑炎并发肺水肿甚至死亡，但原因尚不清楚。EV7...人肠道病毒71型（enterovims 7l，EV71）是婴幼儿手足口病（hand，foot and mouth disease，HFMD）的主要致病原之一。临床研究发现，EV71感染可导致多种临床表现，从轻微HFMD到致命性脑干脑炎并发肺水肿甚至死亡，但原因尚不清楚。EV71衣壳蛋白VPl在病毒识别、结合、进入靶细胞及病毒颗粒装配过程中发挥核心作用，VPl变异是EV7l适应性和免疫原性的重要决定因素。现对VPl结构、功能及其相关的抗病毒疫苗和药物的研究进展进行综述，为进一步研发新的更有效的抗病毒疫苗和药物提供理论基础。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.41275040)
文摘Defining abnormal transmittance as the case where the magnitude of the shortwave flux transmittance is greater than 1.0,the authors used surface solar irradiance and all-sky images obtained at the Yangbajing site in Tibet to analyze the reasons for the occurrence of abnormal shortwave flux transmittance.Based on the International Intercomparision of Three-Dimensional Radiation Code(I3RC) Monte Carlo community model of three-dimensional radiative transfer,the authors also performed simulations at a nonabsorbing wavelength and an absorbing wavelength through a stratocumulus and a cumulus field.The results showed the detection of abnormal transmittance on more than half the days,and the maximum transmittance was 1.34.The probability of the occurrence of abnormal transmittance appeared to be largest in summer,and on a daily basis was mainly at about noon local time.Abnormal transmittance mainly appeared when clear sky and clouds co-existed,especially at the edges of broken clouds and nearby regions with clear-sky conditions.The flux transmittance decreased as the solar zenith angle increased.
基金support from the National Special Fund for the Commonweal Industry (Meteorology)of China (Grant No. GYHY200806031)
文摘Yangbajing (YBJ) is located in the Tibetan Plateau, China. The characteristics of solar radiation and its relationship with clouds at YBJ from April 2009 to April 2010 were analyzed in this paper. The annual mean solar radiation was 478.4 W m 2 , and the annual mean transmittance was 0.713. The atmospheric mean trans- mittance of clear skies reaches 0.828 when the solar elevation angle (SEA) is greater than 10 degrees. Comparisons with numerical simulations show that the atmosphere of YBJ is clean. Impacts from atmospheric conditions on solar radiation are similar for clear skies during the year because the standard deviation of transmittance in clear skies was less than 0.05 when the SEA was greater than 10 degrees. It is important to understand the impact of clouds on solar radiation without considering other impact factors. In the last part of this article, the authors analyzed and established a statistical quantitative relationship between surface solar radiation and cloud fraction.
文摘人肠道病毒71型（enterovims 7l，EV71）是婴幼儿手足口病（hand，foot and mouth disease，HFMD）的主要致病原之一。临床研究发现，EV71感染可导致多种临床表现，从轻微HFMD到致命性脑干脑炎并发肺水肿甚至死亡，但原因尚不清楚。EV71衣壳蛋白VPl在病毒识别、结合、进入靶细胞及病毒颗粒装配过程中发挥核心作用，VPl变异是EV7l适应性和免疫原性的重要决定因素。现对VPl结构、功能及其相关的抗病毒疫苗和药物的研究进展进行综述，为进一步研发新的更有效的抗病毒疫苗和药物提供理论基础。
