The cases and deaths due to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever(CCHF)virus commonly known as Congo virus(fatality rate 15%)have been reported throughout Pakistan from the last few years especially during religious occasi...The cases and deaths due to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever(CCHF)virus commonly known as Congo virus(fatality rate 15%)have been reported throughout Pakistan from the last few years especially during religious occasion,Eid-ul-Azha.The annual increase in death rates due to CCHF demonstrate the importance of awareness of Congo fever at academia as well as public level.The symptoms of Congo fever which appear one to nine days after tick bite,include sudden high fever,muscle aches,abdominal pain,headache,dizziness,sore eyes,jaundice,mood swings,confusion,aggression,and sensitivity to light.The other signs include sore throat,joint pain,vomiting,diarrhea,hemorrhages,and bleeding from skin and large intestine.The Infection has been reported in many species of wild as well as domestic animals including hares,cattle,sheep,goats,dogs,mice and hedgehogs.At least 31 species of Hyalomma,Boophilus,Rhipicephalus,Dermacentor(Ixodidae:hard ticks)act as vector of CCHF in which transovarial,transstadial and venereal transmission occurs.The virus attacks the immune system of the host and influences the immune cells.The Congo fever virus can be isolated from blood,plasma and many body tissues(kidneys,liver,spleen,lungs,brain and bone marrow).Mice inoculation,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)can be used for detection of the infection.Furthermore,IgM and IgG antibodies against CCHFV can also be detected and quantified.Education of general public,tick control with acaricides,use of anti-CCHFV immunoglobulin,usage of approved repellents to prevent tick bites,wearing neutral-coloured garments,application of a permethrin spray to the clothing,avoiding tall grasses and shrubs,applying sunscreen,avoiding direct contact with the blood or tissues of animals are the factors for successful prevention of the infection.展开更多
Fasciolosis is one of the important diseases of livestock and has zoonotic importance.Fasciolosis can cause huge economic losses due to decrease in milk and meat production,decreased feed conversion ratio,and cost of ...Fasciolosis is one of the important diseases of livestock and has zoonotic importance.Fasciolosis can cause huge economic losses due to decrease in milk and meat production,decreased feed conversion ratio,and cost of treatment.Treatment and prophylaxis strategies for Fasciola infection are formed based on epidemiological data.The control of Fasciola infection can be attained by treating the animals with active anthelmintics.The use of different combinations of anthelmintics with a possible rotation is more effective against immature as well as adult flukes.Control of the intermediate host(snail)is vital for the reduction of fasciolosis.Due to the rapid growth of snails,the eradication is quite difficult in waterlogged and marshy areas.The use of different grazing methods and treatment of grazing areas can also help to control fasciolosis.A variety of antigens generated by Fasciola spp.have been shown to protect against liver fluke infection.The crude antigens,excretory/secretory,and refined antigens and their combination can be used as prophylactic treatment for the control of fasciolosis.The use of any of the single or combination of these methods can be very effective for the control of fasciolosis.展开更多
文摘The cases and deaths due to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever(CCHF)virus commonly known as Congo virus(fatality rate 15%)have been reported throughout Pakistan from the last few years especially during religious occasion,Eid-ul-Azha.The annual increase in death rates due to CCHF demonstrate the importance of awareness of Congo fever at academia as well as public level.The symptoms of Congo fever which appear one to nine days after tick bite,include sudden high fever,muscle aches,abdominal pain,headache,dizziness,sore eyes,jaundice,mood swings,confusion,aggression,and sensitivity to light.The other signs include sore throat,joint pain,vomiting,diarrhea,hemorrhages,and bleeding from skin and large intestine.The Infection has been reported in many species of wild as well as domestic animals including hares,cattle,sheep,goats,dogs,mice and hedgehogs.At least 31 species of Hyalomma,Boophilus,Rhipicephalus,Dermacentor(Ixodidae:hard ticks)act as vector of CCHF in which transovarial,transstadial and venereal transmission occurs.The virus attacks the immune system of the host and influences the immune cells.The Congo fever virus can be isolated from blood,plasma and many body tissues(kidneys,liver,spleen,lungs,brain and bone marrow).Mice inoculation,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)can be used for detection of the infection.Furthermore,IgM and IgG antibodies against CCHFV can also be detected and quantified.Education of general public,tick control with acaricides,use of anti-CCHFV immunoglobulin,usage of approved repellents to prevent tick bites,wearing neutral-coloured garments,application of a permethrin spray to the clothing,avoiding tall grasses and shrubs,applying sunscreen,avoiding direct contact with the blood or tissues of animals are the factors for successful prevention of the infection.
文摘Fasciolosis is one of the important diseases of livestock and has zoonotic importance.Fasciolosis can cause huge economic losses due to decrease in milk and meat production,decreased feed conversion ratio,and cost of treatment.Treatment and prophylaxis strategies for Fasciola infection are formed based on epidemiological data.The control of Fasciola infection can be attained by treating the animals with active anthelmintics.The use of different combinations of anthelmintics with a possible rotation is more effective against immature as well as adult flukes.Control of the intermediate host(snail)is vital for the reduction of fasciolosis.Due to the rapid growth of snails,the eradication is quite difficult in waterlogged and marshy areas.The use of different grazing methods and treatment of grazing areas can also help to control fasciolosis.A variety of antigens generated by Fasciola spp.have been shown to protect against liver fluke infection.The crude antigens,excretory/secretory,and refined antigens and their combination can be used as prophylactic treatment for the control of fasciolosis.The use of any of the single or combination of these methods can be very effective for the control of fasciolosis.
