Development and accuracy of artificial intelligence-generated prediction of facial changes in orthodontic treatment:a scoping review

Artificial intelligence(AI)has been utilized in soft-tissue analysis and prediction in orthodontic treatment planning,although its reliability has not been systematically assessed.This scoping review was conducted to outline the development of AI in terms of predicting soft-tissue changes after orthodontic treatment,as well as to comprehensively evaluate its prediction accuracy.Six electronic databases(PubMed,EBSCOhost,Web of Science,Embase,Cochrane Library,and Scopus)were searched up to March 14,2023.Clinical studies investigating the performance of AI-based systems in predicting post-orthodontic soft-tissue alterations were included.The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2(QUADAS-2)and Joanna Briggs Institute(JBI)appraisal checklist for diagnostic test accuracy studies were applied to assess risk of bias,while the Grading of Recommendation,Assessment,Development,and Evaluation(GRADE)assessment was conducted to evaluate the certainty of outcomes.After screening 2500 studies,four non-randomized clinical trials were finally included for full-text evaluation.We found a low level of evidence indicating an estimated high overall accuracy of AI-generated prediction,whereas the lower lip and chin seemed to be the least predictable regions.Furthermore,the facial morphology simulated by AI via the fusion of multimodality images was considered to be reasonably true.Since all of the included studies that were not randomized clinical trials(non-RCTs)showed a moderate to high risk of bias,more well-designed clinical trials with sufficient sample size are needed in future work.

Oxidized Dopamine Acrylamide Primer to Achieve Durable Resin-Dentin Bonding

The durability of the resin-dentin bonding interface is a key issue in clinical esthetic dentistry.Inspired by the extraordinary bioadhesive properties of marine mussels in a wet environment,we designed and synthetized N-2-(3,4-dihydroxylphenyl)acrylamide(DAA)according to the functional domain of mussel adhesive proteins.DAA’s properties of collagen cross-linking,collagenase inhibition,inducing collagen mineralization in vitro,and as a novel prime monomer for clinical dentin adhesion use,its optimal parameters,and effect on the adhesive longevity and the bonding interface’s integrity and mineralization,were evaluated in vitro and in vivo.The results showed that oxide DAA can inhibit the activity of collagenase and cross collagen fibers to improve the anti-enzymatic hydrolysis of collagen fibers and induce intrafibrillar and interfibrillar collagen mineralization.As a primer used in the etch-rinse tooth adhesive system,oxide DAA can improve the durability and integrity of the bonding interface by anti-degradation and mineralization of the exposed collagen matrix.Oxidized DAA(OX-DAA)is a promising primer for improving dentin durability;using 5%OX-DAA ethanol solution and treating the etched dentin surface for 30 s is the optimal choice when used as a primer in the etch-rinse tooth adhesive system.

Airborne transmission during short-term events: Direct route over indirect route

Numerous short-term exposure events in public spaces were reported during the COVID-19 pandemic,especially during the spread of Delta and Omicron.However,the currently used exposure risk assessment models and mitigation measures are mostly based on the assumption of steady-state and complete-mixing conditions.The present study investigates the dynamics of airborne transmission in short-term events when a steady state is not reached before the end of the events.Large-eddy simulation(LES)is performed to predict the airborne transmission in short-term events,and three representative physical distances between two occupants are examined.Both time-averaged and phase-averaged exposure indices are used to evaluate the exposure risk.The results present that the exposure index in the short-term events constantly varies over time,especially within the first 1/ACH(air changes per hour)hour of exposure between occupants in close proximity,posing high uncertainty to the spatial and temporal evolutions of the risk of cross-infection.The decoupling analysis of the direct and indirect airborne transmission routes indicates that the direct airborne transmission is the predominated route in short-term events.It suggests also that the general dilution ventilation has a relatively limited efficiency in mitigating the risk of direct airborne transmission,but determines largely the occurrence time of the indirect one.Given the randomness,discreteness,localization,and high-risk characteristics of direct airborne transmission,a localized method that has a direct interference on the respiratory flows would be better than dilution ventilation for short-term events,in terms of both efficiency and cost.

An enamel-inspired bioactive material with multiscale structure and antibacterial adhesion property

Conventional dental materials lack of the hierarchical architecture of enamel that exhibits excellent intrinsic-extrinsic mechanical properties.Moreover,restorative failures frequently occur due to physical and chemical mismatch between artificial materials and native dental hard tissue followed by recurrent caries which is caused by sugar-fermenting,acidogenic bacteria invasion of the defective cite.In order to resolve the limitations of the conventional dental materials,the aim of this study was to establish a non-cell-based biomimetic strategy to fabricate a novel bioactive material with enamel-like structure and antibacterial adhesion property.The evaporation-based,bottom-up and self-assembly method with layer-by-layer technique were used to form a large-area fluorapatite crystal layer containing antibacterial components.The multilayered structure was constructed by hydrothermal growth of the fluorapatite crystal layer and highly conformal adsorption to the crystal surface of a polyelectrolyte matrix film.Characterization and mechanical assessment demonstrated that the synthesized bioactive material resembled the native enamel in chemical components,mechanical properties and crystallographic structure.Antibacterial and cytocompatibility evaluation demonstrated that this material had the antibacterial adhesion property and biocompatibility.In combination with the molecular dynamics simulations to reveal the effects of variables on the crystallization mechanism,this study brings new prospects for the synthesis of enamel-inspired materials.