Climate change trend and its effects on reference evapotranspiration at Linhe Station, Hetao Irrigation District

Linhe National Meteorological Station, a representative weather station in the Hetao Irrigation District of China, was selected as the research site for the present study. Changes in climatic variables and reference evapotranspiration （ET0 ） （estimated by the Penman-Monteith method） were detected using Mann-Kendall tests and Sen＇s slope estimator, respectively. The authors analyzed the relationship between the ET0 change and each climatic variable＇s change. From 1954 to 2012, the air temperature showed a significant increasing trend, whereas relative humidity and wind speed decreased dramatically. These changes resulted in a slight increase in ETo. The radiative component of total ET0 increased from 50% to 57%, indicating that this component made a greater contribution to the increase in total ETo than the aerodynamic component, especially during the crop growing season （from April to October）. The sensitivity analysis showed that ETo in Hetao is most sensitive to mean daily air temperature （11.8%）, followed by wind speed （-7.3%） and relative humidity （4.8%）. Changes in sunshine duration had only a minor effect on ET0 over the past 59 years.

A Therapeutic Sheep in Metastatic Wolf’s Clothing: Trojan Horse Approach for Cancer Brain Metastases Treatment

Early-stage brain metastasis of breast cancer(BMBC), due to the existence of an intact blood–brain barrier(BBB), is one of the deadliest neurologic complications. To improve the efficacy of chemotherapy for BMBC, a Trojan horse strategy-based nanocarrier has been developed by integrating the cell membrane of a brain-homing cancer cell and a polymeric drug depot. With the camouflage of a MDA-MB-231/Br cell membrane, doxorubicin-loaded poly(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle(DOX-PLGA@CM) shows enhanced cellular uptake and boosted killing potency for MDA-MB-231/Br cells. Furthermore, DOX-PLGA@CM is equipped with naturally selected molecules for BBB penetration, as evidenced by its boosted capacity in entering the brain of both healthy and early-stage BMBC mouse models. Consequently, DOX-PLGA@CM effectively reaches the metastatic tumor lesions in the brain, slows down cancer progression, reduces tumor burden, and extends the survival time for the BMBC animal.Furthermore, the simplicity and easy scale-up of the design opens a new window for the treatment of BMBC and other brain metastatic cancers.

Memristor-based vector neural network architecture

Vector neural network(VNN)is one of the most important methods to process interval data.However,the VNN,which contains a great number of multiply-accumulate(MAC)operations,often adopts pure numerical calculation method,and thus is difficult to be miniaturized for the embedded applications.In this paper,we propose a memristor based vector-type backpropagation(MVTBP)architecture which utilizes memristive arrays to accelerate the MAC operations of interval data.Owing to the unique brain-like synaptic characteristics of memristive devices,e.g.,small size,low power consumption,and high integration density,the proposed architecture can be implemented with low area and power consumption cost and easily applied to embedded systems.The simulation results indicate that the proposed architecture has better identification performance and noise tolerance.When the device precision is 6 bits and the error deviation level(EDL)is 20%,the proposed architecture can achieve an identification rate,which is about 92%higher than that for interval-value testing sample and 81%higher than that for scalar-value testing sample.

Cancer nanomedicine in preoperative therapeutics:Nanotechnology-enabled neoadjuvant chemotherapy,radiotherapy,immunotherapy,and phototherapy

Surgical resection remains a mainstay in the treatment of malignant solid tumors.However,the use of neoadjuvant treatments,including chemotherapy,radiotherapy,phototherapy,and immunotherapy,either alone or in combination,as a preoperative intervention regimen,have attracted increasing attention in the last decade.Early randomized,controlled trials in some tumor settings have not shown a significant difference between the survival rates in long-term neoadjuvant therapy and adjuvant therapy.However,this has not hampered the increasing use of neoadjuvant treatments in clinical practice,due to its evident downstaging of primary tumors to delineate the surgical margin,tailoring systemic therapy response as a clinical tool to optimize subsequent therapeutic regimens,and decreasing the need for surgery,with its potential for increased morbidity.The recent expansion of nanotechnology-based nanomedicine and related medical technologies provides a new approach to address the current challenges of neoadjuvant therapy for preoperative therapeutics.This review not only summarizes how nanomedicine plays an important role in a range of neoadjuvant therapeutic modalities,but also highlights the potential use of nanomedicine as neoadjuvant therapy in preclinical and clinic settings for tumor management.

0D-2D Schottky heterostructure coupling of FeS nanosheets and Co_(9)S_(8)nanoparticles for long-term industrial-level water oxidation

The effective electron and interface/structural coupling for heterostructure electrocatalyst is the key to regulating the intrinsic activity and stability for oxygen evolution reaction(OER).Herein,a facile strategy is developed to fabricate well-dispersed zerodimensional(0D)metallic Co_(9)S_(8)nanoparticles on two-dimensional(2D)FeS nanosheets,forming FeS-Co_(9)S_(8)Schottky heterostructures with abundant heterointerfaces as OER electrocatalyst.The strong electronic coupling between FeS and Co_(9)S_(8)expedites electrons flow from Fe atoms in FeS nanosheets to Co atoms in tetrahedron sites(CoTd),thereby leading to the structural integrity of the heterostructure and the constant exposure of active sites.Operando Raman spectroscopy also indicates the Co sites in the FeS-Co_(9)S_(8)Schottky heterostructure are OER active sites.Therefore,FeS-Co_(9)S_(8)heterostructure supported by iron foam(FeS-Co_(9)S_(8)/IF)shows the remarkable activity and durability,achieving an industrial-level 500 mA·cm^(−2)current density at an overpotential of only 332 mV and maintaining for 100 h.This work demonstrates that constructing Schottky heterostructure interface with strong coupling effect may be a good strategy for excellent catalytic performances.

Microwave-assisted molybdenum-nickel alloy for efficient water electrolysis under large current density through spillover and Fe doping

The development of high-efficiency electrocatalysts for overall water splitting under large current density is significant and challenging.Herein,a high-performing Fe-doped MoNi alloy catalyst(M-H-MoNiFe-50)abundant with flower-like nanorods assemblies has been prepared by high-pressure microwave reaction and hydrogen reduction.Firstly,Fe doped NiMoO_(4) precursor(M-MoNiFe-50)was synthesized by microwave fast heating,ensuring the robustness of nanorods,which owns larger area and improved catalytic activity than that by conventional hydrothermal method.Secondly,M-MoNiFe-50 was reduced in H_(2)/Ar to fabricate Fe-incorporated MoNi_(4) alloys(M-H-MoNiFe-50),greatly enhancing the conductivity and facilitating hydrogen/oxygen spillover.The final M-H-MoNiFe-50 exhibits remarkable activity for alkaline/acidic hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction with low overpotential of 208(alkaline),254(acid)and 347 mV at 1,000 mA·cm^(−2).Moreover,an alkaline water electrolyzer is established using M-H-MoNiFe-50 as anode and cathode,generating a current density of 100 mA·cm^(−2) at 1.58 V with encouraging durability of 50 h at 1,000 mA·cm^(−2).The extraordinary water splitting performance can be chalked up to the large surface area,favorable charge transfer,modified electron distribution,intrinsic robustness as well as an efficient gas spillover of M-H-MoNiFe-50.The final electrocatalyst has great prospects for practical application and confirms the significance of Fe doping,microwave method and spillover effect for catalytic performance improvement.

Effect of Carbon Content on Stacking Fault Energy of Fe-20Mn-3Cu TWIP Steel

The influence of carbon content on the stacking fault energy （SFE） of Fe-20Mn-3Cu twinning-induced plasticity （TWIP） steel was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction peak-shift method and thermodynamic modeling. The experimental result indicated that the stacking fault probability decreases with increasing carbon addition, the SFE increases linearly when the carbon content in mass percent is between 0.23 M and 1.41%. The thermody namic calculation results showed that the SFE varied from 22.40 to 29.64 mJ ~ m 2 when the carbon content in mass percent changes from 0.23 % to 1.41%. The XRD analysis revealed that all steels were fully austenitic before and after deformation, which suggested that TWIP effect is the predominant mechanism during the tensile deformation process of Fe-20Mn-3Cu-XC steels.