The onset of retinal degenerative disease is often associated with neuronal loss. Therefore, how to regenerate new neurons to restore vision is an important issue. NeuroD1 is a neural transcription factor with the abi...The onset of retinal degenerative disease is often associated with neuronal loss. Therefore, how to regenerate new neurons to restore vision is an important issue. NeuroD1 is a neural transcription factor with the ability to reprogram brain astrocytes into neurons in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that in adult mice, NeuroD1 can reprogram Müller cells, the principal glial cell type in the retina, to become retinal neurons. Most strikingly, ectopic expression of NeuroD1 using two different viral vectors converted Müller cells into different cell types. Specifically, AAV7 m8 GFAP681::GFP-ND1 converted Müller cells into inner retinal neurons, including amacrine cells and ganglion cells. In contrast, AAV9 GFAP104::ND1-GFP converted Müller cells into outer retinal neurons such as photoreceptors and horizontal cells, with higher conversion efficiency. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Müller cell conversion induced by AAV9 GFAP104::ND1-GFP displayed clear dose-and time-dependence. These results indicate that Müller cells in adult mice are highly plastic and can be reprogrammed into various subtypes of retinal neurons.展开更多
Searching for new resonances and finding out their properties is an essential part of any existing or future particle physics experiment. The nature of a new resonance is characterized by its spin, charge conjugation,...Searching for new resonances and finding out their properties is an essential part of any existing or future particle physics experiment. The nature of a new resonance is characterized by its spin, charge conjugation,parity, and its couplings with the existing particles of the Standard Model. If a new resonance is found in the four lepton final state produced via two intermediate Z bosons, the resonance could be a new heavy scalar or a Z boson or even a higher spin particle. In such cases a step by step methodology as enunciated in this paper can be followed to determine the spin, parity and the coupling to two Z bosons of the parent particles, in a fully model-independent way. In our approach we show how three uni-angular distributions and a few experimentally measurable observables can conclusively tell us about the spin, parity as well as the couplings of the new resonance to two Z bosons. We have performed a numerical analysis to validate our approach and showed how the uni-angular observables can be used to disentangle the spin parity as well as the coupling of the resonance.展开更多
基金supported by the Guangdong Grant Key Technologies for Treatment of Brain Disorders,China,No. 2018B030332001 (to GC)the Guangzhou Key Projects of Brain Science and Brain-Like Intelligence Technology,No. 20200730009 (to YX)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,No. 2020A1515110898 (to WYC)。
文摘The onset of retinal degenerative disease is often associated with neuronal loss. Therefore, how to regenerate new neurons to restore vision is an important issue. NeuroD1 is a neural transcription factor with the ability to reprogram brain astrocytes into neurons in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that in adult mice, NeuroD1 can reprogram Müller cells, the principal glial cell type in the retina, to become retinal neurons. Most strikingly, ectopic expression of NeuroD1 using two different viral vectors converted Müller cells into different cell types. Specifically, AAV7 m8 GFAP681::GFP-ND1 converted Müller cells into inner retinal neurons, including amacrine cells and ganglion cells. In contrast, AAV9 GFAP104::ND1-GFP converted Müller cells into outer retinal neurons such as photoreceptors and horizontal cells, with higher conversion efficiency. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Müller cell conversion induced by AAV9 GFAP104::ND1-GFP displayed clear dose-and time-dependence. These results indicate that Müller cells in adult mice are highly plastic and can be reprogrammed into various subtypes of retinal neurons.
基金Supported in part by MOST(Taiwan)(103-2112-M-001-005(HYC),101-2112-M-001-005-MY3(TCY))
文摘Searching for new resonances and finding out their properties is an essential part of any existing or future particle physics experiment. The nature of a new resonance is characterized by its spin, charge conjugation,parity, and its couplings with the existing particles of the Standard Model. If a new resonance is found in the four lepton final state produced via two intermediate Z bosons, the resonance could be a new heavy scalar or a Z boson or even a higher spin particle. In such cases a step by step methodology as enunciated in this paper can be followed to determine the spin, parity and the coupling to two Z bosons of the parent particles, in a fully model-independent way. In our approach we show how three uni-angular distributions and a few experimentally measurable observables can conclusively tell us about the spin, parity as well as the couplings of the new resonance to two Z bosons. We have performed a numerical analysis to validate our approach and showed how the uni-angular observables can be used to disentangle the spin parity as well as the coupling of the resonance.
