Calibrate complex fracture model for subsurface flow based on Bayesian formulation

In practical development of unconventional reservoirs,fracture networks are a highly conductive transport media for subsurface fluid flow.Therefore,it is crucial to clearly determine the fracture properties used in production forecast.However,it is different to calibrate the properties of fracture networks because it is an inverse problem with multi-patterns and highcomplexity of fracture distribution and inherent defect of multiplicity of solution.In this paper,in order to solve the problem,the complex fracture model is divided into two sub-systems,namely"Pattern A"and"Pattern B."In addition,the generation method is grouped into two categories.Firstly,we construct each sub-system based on the probability density function of the fracture properties.Secondly,we recombine the sub-systems into an integral complex fracture system.Based on the generation mechanism,the estimation of the complex fracture from dynamic performance and observation data can be solved as an inverse problem.In this study,the Bayesian formulation is used to quantify the uncertainty of fracture properties.To minimize observation data misfit immediately as it occurs,we optimize the updated properties by a simultaneous perturbation stochastic algorithm which requires only two measurements of the loss function.In numerical experiments,we firstly visualize that small-scale fractures significantly contribute to the flow simulation.Then,we demonstrate the suitability and effectiveness of the Bayesian formulation for calibrating the complex fracture model in the following simulation.

Evolutionary history of a desert perennial Arnebia szechenyi(Boraginaceae):Intraspecific divergence,regional expansion and asymmetric gene flow

The complex interactions of historical,geological and climatic events on plant evolution have been an important research focus for many years.However,the role of desert formation and expansion in shaping the genetic structures and demographic histories of plants occurring in arid areas has not been well explored.In the present study,we investigated the phylogeography of Arnebia szechenyi,a desert herb showing a near-circular distribution surrounding the Tengger Desert in Northwest China.We measured genetic diversity of populations using three maternally inherited chloroplast DNA(cpDNA)fragments and seven bi-paternally inherited nuclear DNA(nDNA)loci that were sequenced from individuals collected from 16 natural populations across its range and modelled current and historical potential habitats of the species.Our data indicated a considerably high level of genetic variation within A.szechenyi and noteworthy asymmetry in historical migration from the east to the west.Moreover,two nuclear genetic groups of populations were revealed,corresponding to the two geographic regions separated by the Tengger Desert.However,analysis of cpDNA data did not show significant geographic structure.The most plausible explanation for the discrepancy between our findings based on cpDNA and nDNA data is that A.szechenyi populations experienced long periods of geographic isolation followed by range expansion,which would have promoted generalized recombination of the nuclear genome.Our findings further highlight the important role that the Tengger Desert,together with the Helan Mountains,has played in the evolution of desert plants and the preservation of biodiversity in arid Northwest China.

高压球囊扩张治疗男性前尿道狭窄:单中心的临床经验（英文）

目的:评估高压球囊扩张治疗男性前尿道狭窄的有效性和安全性。创新点:既往高压球囊扩张技术已成熟应用于输尿管狭窄的临床治疗,我们将这一技术拓宽应用于男性前尿道狭窄的治疗,并证明高压球囊扩张治疗前尿道狭窄同样安全、有效。方法:采用回顾性病例对照研究,收集并分析了31例接受高压球囊扩张和25例接受直视下尿道内切开术治疗的前尿道患者的病例资料,比较两组患者的手术时间、手术难易程度、术后并发症(出血和感染)、术后1年狭窄复发率和术后3年狭窄复发率等相关指标。结论:高压球囊扩张组的手术时间和术后并发症发生率要优于直视下尿道内切开术组,两组患者的远期尿道狭窄复发率无统计学差异,但高压球囊扩张组的术后1年狭窄复发率明显低于直视下尿道内切开术组。高压球囊扩张治疗男性前尿道狭窄是安全、有效的,且近期疗效要优于传统腔内治疗方式。

Hydrogels with Dynamically Controllable Mechanics and Biochemistry for 3D Cell Culture Platforms

Many cell-matrix interaction studies have proved that dynamic changes in the extracellular matrix(ECM)are crucial to maintain cellular properties and behaviors.Thus,developing materials that can recapitulate the dynamic attributes of the ECM is highly desired for threedimensional(3 D)cell culture platforms.To this end,we sought to develop a hydrogel system that would enable dynamic and reversible turning of its mechanical and biochemical properties,thus facilitating the control of cell culture to imitate the natural ECM.Herein,a hydrogel with dynamic mechanics and a biochemistry based on an addition-fragmentation chain transfer(AFCT)reaction was constructed.Thiol-modified hyaluronic acid(HA)and allyl sulfide-modifiedε-poly-L-lysine(EPL)were synthesized to form hydrogels,which were non-swellable and biocompatible.The reversible modulus of the hydrogel was first achieved through the AFCT reaction;the modulus can also be regulated stepwise by changing the dose of UVA irradiation.Dynamic patterning of fluorescent markers in the hydrogel was also realized.Therefore,this dynamically controllable hydrogel has great potential as a 3 D cell culture platform for tissue engineering applications.