Research Progress on the Bone Metastasis Mechanism of Prostate Cancer and Bone-Targeted Drugs

Prostate cancer is a common male malignant tumor,and bone metastasis is one of the common complications in the late stage of prostate cancer.The mechanism of prostate cancer bone metastasis is a complex process involving multiple factors and steps.In recent years,with in-depth research on the mechanism of prostate cancer bone metastasis and the development of new drugs,important progress has been made in the treatment of prostate cancer bone metastasis.Based on this,this article introduces the mechanism of prostate cancer bone metastasis and the research progress of several bone-targeted drugs to provide reference and inspiration for future research.

Fully Bio-Based Composites of Poly(Lactic Acid)Reinforced with Cellulose-Graft-Poly-(ε-Caprolactone)Copolymers

Due to the increasing demand for modified polylactide(PLA)meeting“double green”criteria,the research on sustainable plasticizers for PLA has attracted broad attentions.This study reported an open-ring polymerization method to fabricate cellulose(MCC)-g-PCL(poly(ε-caprolactone))copolymers with a fully sustainable and biodegradable component.MCC-g-PCL copolymers were synthesized,characterized,and used as green plasticizers for the PLA toughening.The results indicated that the MCC-g-PCL derivatives play an important role in the compatibility,crystallization,and toughening of the PLA/MCC-g-PCL composites.The mechanical properties of the fully bio-based PLA/MCC-g-PCL composites were optimized by adding 15 wt%MCC-g-PCL,that is,the elongation at break was 22.6%(~376%higher than that of neat PLA),the tensile strength was 47.3 MPa(comparable to that of neat PLA),and the impact strength was 26 J/m(~130%higher than that of neat PLA).DSC results indicated that MCC-g-PCL reduced the Tg of the PLA blend.When the addition amount was 15 wt%,the Tg of the blend was 58.4°C.Compared with MCC,MCC-g-PCL polyester plasticizer has better thermal stability,T5%(°C)can still be maintained above 300°C.The rheological results showed that MCC-g-PCL acted as a plasticizer,the introduction of PCL flexible chain increased the mobility of PLA molecular chain,and decreased the complex viscosity,storage modulus and loss modulus of PLA blends.The MCC-g-PCL derivatives,as a new green plastic additive,have shown an interesting prospect to prepare fully bio-based composites.

斑马鱼神经底板处神经元的分布及特征

神经底板(floor plate,FP)位于神经管腹侧中线区,存在多种神经细胞类型,是调控神经管分化及维持体轴生长的重要信号中心。目前,对神经底板处神经元细胞的类型及分布研究并不深入。本研究以斑马鱼(Danio rerio)为模式动物,结合多种神经细胞的转基因品系,分析了斑马鱼幼鱼中神经底板细胞群的排列图式。研究发现,foxj1a、sox2、clusterin和gfap等多个基因在内侧中央底板(medial floor plate,MFP)单排细胞中表达。Kolmer-Agduhr神经元KAʼ与KA”又称为脑脊液接触神经元,定位在MFP附近,其中KA”神经元表达foxj1a和pkd2l1基因,与表达Gfap蛋白、Olig2蛋白或Sox2蛋白的阳性细胞间隔性插入MFP细胞腹侧间隙中。KAʼ神经元位于KA”背侧,表达foxj1a、pkd2l1和olig2基因,并与Sox2^(+)或Olig2^(+)阳性细胞间隔分布于MFP细胞胞体的两侧。药物处理实验结果表明:抑制Notch信号影响神经底板的发育,导致神经底板细胞排布异常,并引起幼鱼出现体轴上弯表型。本研究初步阐释了斑马鱼幼鱼早期神经底板处各种细胞类型的分布及定位特征,发现Notch信号对神经底板发育的重要调控作用。

A Numerical Method for Extrication Characteristics of TBM Cutter-Head with the HVC

Achieving highly efficient extrication of the tunnel boring machine(TBM)cutter-head driving system from the collapsed surrounding rock has become a key problem globally,and significant effort has been directed to improve TBM cutter-head extricating ability.In this study,the characteristics of a hydro-viscous device have been investigated to improve extricating performance of the TBM cutter-head.A numerical method based on an explicit pressure-linked equation is presented for computing the film parameters of the HVC,which is then applied to investigate extrication characteristics of a TBM cutter-head with a hydro-viscous clutch(HVC).The explicit pressure-linked equation is derived from the Navier–Stokes equations and the conservation equation,where boundary conditions are involved.The model of a cutter-head driving system with an HVC is established,and the extrication characteristics of the cutterhead driving system are analyzed and compared with three extrication strategies.The variation in extrication torque shows that the linear strategy or positive parabolic strategy are preferred for their relatively high extrication efficiency and low rigid impact,and the effects of throughflow rate on torque transmission are also investigated.The test rig of the TBM cutter-head driving system was set up to validate the numerical method and the model of a cutter-head driving system,and the feasibility of the proposed numerical method for researching the extrication of the TBM cutter-head is verified.

Molecularly engineered lignin to polyphenol via organocatalysis as an active sunscreen ingredient

Phenolation is one of the effective strategies to synthesize lignin-based polyphenols,improve lignin’s properties,and extend its value-added applications in biological,medicinal and cosmetic fields.Herein,by taking the structural feature advantage of lignin,an effective and green strategy was developed to molecularly engineer lignin into a robust lignin-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propionate ester(LPPE)derivative via a transesterification reaction between 3,4-dihydrocoumarin(DHC)and the aliphatic hydroxyls in lignin under organocatalysis.The strategy is optimized and the novel derivative was systematically characterized by ^(1)H,^(13)C and ^(31)P nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectroscopy.The findings indicated that the successful introduction of 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propionate groups using a OH groups/DHC/organic base mo-lar ratio of 1꞉1꞉0.3 at 120℃ for 6 h increased the content of phenolic hydroxyl groups from 1.7931 to 3.0179 mmol/g,and the LPPE exhibited excellent ultraviolet-absorbing and antioxidant per-formance with up to 90%free radical scavenging activity within 20 min using 5 mg/mL of LPPE.In addition,good biocompatibility and a high Sun protection factor(SPF)value of 40.9 were achieved at 5%(w)dosage of LPPE in the cream,indicating its significant application potential in sunscreen.

Cilia regulate meiotic recombination in zebrafish

Meiosis is essential for evolution and genetic diversity in almost all sexual eukaryotic organisms.The mechanisms of meiotic recombination,such as synapsis,have been extensively investigated.However,it is still unclear whether signals from the cytoplasm or even from outside of the cell can regulate the meiosis process.Cilia are microtubule-based structures that protrude from the cell surface and function as signaling hubs to sense extracellular signals.Here,we reported an unexpected and critical role of cilia during meiotic recombination.During gametogenesis of zebrafish,cilia were specifically present in the prophase stages of both primary spermatocytes and primary oocytes.By developing a germ cell-specific CRISPR/Cas9 system,we demonstrated that germ cell-specific depletion of ciliary genes resulted in compromised double-strand break repair,reduced crossover formation,and increased germ cell apoptosis.Our study reveals a previously undiscovered role for cilia during meiosis and suggests that extracellular signals may regulate meiotic recombination via this particular organelle.