专栏导语:推进中国应急管理自主知识体系建构

建构中国自主的应急管理知识体系是建构中国自主知识体系的重要组成部分(张海波,2023)。其必要性在于,中国的应急管理实践具有较强的独特性,简单套用其他国家的理论既不能给出有效的解释,也无法提供有针对性的指导或启示。例如,在中国,安全生产被视为应急管理的基本盘、基本面,在这背后则是中国独特的经济和社会结构,政府既不能接受国有企业因为安全生产问题而倒闭,以及由此造成失业问题和社会震荡。

多学科视野中城市极端高温灾害的复合治理:研究进展与未来议题

近年来,城市极端高温灾害频发,不仅对人类社会产生深远影响,也对应急管理提出新的挑战。城市极端高温灾害的复杂成因和广泛影响使得传统的单一学科视角已无法揭示其形成机理和治理之道。基于工程-技术、组织-制度、政治-社会三个维度的回溯分析显示,改进城市规划减轻城市热岛效应,加强组织协同提高预警响应效率,推进全球治理倡导气候公平,这是推进城市极端高温灾害复合治理的三条关键路径和三个关键议题。下一步可在三个方向上开展研究:一是探索科技创新赋能复合治理的新模式;二是发展基于韧性城市的复合治理政策体系;三是面向全球治理拓展倡导气候公平的参与机制。

Minerals in edible insects:a review of content and potential for sustainable sourcing

In response to the rapid increase in world population and subsequent demands for food,edible insects represent an alternative food source for humans that is rich in proteins,amino acids and minerals.Entomophagy is a tradition in many countries including China and Thailand,and edible insects have attracted a lot of attention in Western World due to their suitable nutrient composition,high mineral content(e.g.,Fe,Zn,Ca,Mg)and potential use as a supplement in human diet.In this study,we surveyed mineral content in seven insect orders and 67 species of mass produced and wild-harvested edible insects.The total content of essential elements in edible insects was very high in Tenebrio molitor,Bombyx mori,and Zonocerus variegatus.The heavy metal content(summarized for eight species)was below the maximum limit allowed for safe consumption.Sustainable supply of minerals derived from insect biomass is complicated due to the high variations of mineral content in insects and the potential of its change due to processing.

Coupling Au with BO_(x) matrix induced by Closo-boron cluster for electrochemical synthesis of ammonia

Au is considered as one of the most promising catalysts for nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR),however maximizing the activity utilization rate of Au and understanding the synergistic effects between Au and carriers pose ongoing challenges.Herein,we systematically explore the synergistic catalytic effect of incorporating Au with boron clusters for accelerating NRR kinetics.An in-situ abinitio strategy is employed to construct B-doped Au nanoparticles(2-6 nm in diameter)loaded on BO_(x) substrates(AuBO_(x)),in which B not only modulates the surface electronic structure of Au but also forms strong coupling interactions to stabilize the nanoparticles.The electrochemical results show that Au-BO_(x) possesses excellent NRR activity(NH_(3) yield of 48.52μg h^(-1)mg_(cat)^(-1),Faraday efficiency of 56.18%),and exhibits high stability and reproducibility throughout the electrocatalytic NRR process.Theoretical calculations reveal that the introduction of B induces the formation of both Au dangling bond and Au-B coupling bond.which considerably facilitates the hydrogenation of~*N_(2)^(-)~*NH_(3).The present work provides a new avenue for the preparation of metal-boron materials achieved by one-step reduction and doping process,utilizing boron clusters as reducing and stabilizing agents.

打造教师教学发展共同体,多校共上一堂课——“大学化学实验课程群虚拟教研室”教研活动初探及成效

介绍“大学化学实验课程群虚拟教研室”在创新教研形态、加强教学研究、共建优质资源以及开展教师培训等方面开展的一系列工作及取得的初步实效。重点阐明了“多校共上一堂课,共享教学云资源”的示范教学直播课活动的教研形式以及教学内容的选取原则。

柠檬烯的绿色环氧化

现代化学合成对原料来源的可持续性,工艺过程的原子经济性、安全性、节能性和环境友好性愈发重视,这也是高校化学教育的重点内容。遵循绿色可持续化学的理念,本文介绍了基于生物质原料的系列绿色化学实验中适用于有机化学基础实验教学的柠檬烯环氧化方案,以过氧磷钨杂多酸四正丁基铵盐为可回收的VPTC型催化剂,30%过氧化氢水溶液作为绿色、安全、原子经济的氧化剂,将柠檬烯选择性氧化为可用于合成可降解聚合物材料的单体分子1,2-柠檬烯环氧化物。本实验训练学生有机化学实验基本技能,加强学生对烯烃亲电加成反应中结构与活性关系的理解,相转移催化和基于红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、气相色谱的分析方面的理论学习与实践相结合,起到巩固知识、提高学习兴趣的作用;同时还向学生传递了绿色、可持续的有机化学理念,提升对化学学科发展的信心和对科研的兴趣。

3D/4D printed bio-piezoelectric smart scaffolds for next-generation bone tissue engineering

Piezoelectricity in native bones has been well recognized as the key factor in bone regeneration.Thus,bio-piezoelectric materials have gained substantial attention in repairing damaged bone by mimicking the tissue’s electrical microenvironment(EM).However,traditional manufacturing strategies still encounter limitations in creating personalized bio-piezoelectric scaffolds,hindering their clinical applications.Three-dimensional(3D)/four-dimensional(4D)printing technology based on the principle of layer-by-layer forming and stacking of discrete materials has demonstrated outstanding advantages in fabricating bio-piezoelectric scaffolds in a more complex-shaped structure.Notably,4D printing functionality-shifting bio-piezoelectric scaffolds can provide a time-dependent programmable tissue EM in response to external stimuli for bone regeneration.In this review,we first summarize the physicochemical properties of commonly used bio-piezoelectric materials(including polymers,ceramics,and their composites)and representative biological findings for bone regeneration.Then,we discuss the latest research advances in the 3D printing of bio-piezoelectric scaffolds in terms of feedstock selection,printing process,induction strategies,and potential applications.Besides,some related challenges such as feedstock scalability,printing resolution,stress-to-polarization conversion efficiency,and non-invasive induction ability after implantation have been put forward.Finally,we highlight the potential of shape/property/functionality-shifting smart 4D bio-piezoelectric scaffolds in bone tissue engineering(BTE).Taken together,this review emphasizes the appealing utility of 3D/4D printed biological piezoelectric scaffolds as next-generation BTE implants.

金属硫化物基异质结光催化剂:原理、影响、应用和原位表征

金属硫化物的窄带隙使其具有吸收可见光和红外光的优势,因此可以用于开发高效的光催化剂.同时,金属硫化物具有出色的电荷分离、较强的光还原能力和低氧化还原能垒.然而,单一金属硫化物通常具有光吸收强度不高和电子-空穴快速复合的问题.在仅考虑光吸收范围时,应选择带隙较窄的光催化剂,但其氧化还原能力较低.此外,金属硫化物易发生光腐蚀.近年来,研究发现,在两种及以上光催化剂间构建异质结可以抑制单一催化剂载流子的复合,促使电子与空穴的分离;同时,异质结光催化剂也被证实可以提高光吸收和增加反应活性位点,是解决金属硫化物自身不足的重要措施.本文总结了金属硫化物用于光催化反应的优势和缺陷,讨论了构建异质结对单一金属硫化物的影响.不同的合成方法对于异质结光催化剂的形貌结构及性能具有重要影响,列举了一些金属硫化物异质结合成方法实例,例如水热合成法、离子交换法、静电纺丝法和原位光化学沉积法等.异质结光催化剂的种类可以根据电子转移机理分为肖特基结、typeⅡ型、Z型和S型异质结等.随后,概述了金属硫化物异质结在环境和能源领域的应用,比较了不同类型金属硫化物异质结的光催化活性.充分利用光生电子和空穴分别驱动氧化和还原反应,这不仅提高了光催化效率,而且拓宽了光催化剂的应用.此外,对异质结的电子转移机理进行了深入讨论,以往的表征手段通常只能间接证明异质结可以抑制电子空穴的复合,进而促进光催化活性,并未直接观察到电子转移路径.近年来,原位表征技术的快速发展弥补了异质结的证据不足,通过原位X射线光电子能谱、原位开尔文探针力显微镜和原位电子顺磁共振等表征手段可以观察到电子转移路径,并可利用原位红外监测反应过程中的中间产物和副产物的生成情况,逐步完善了异质结光催化剂机理的探究.本文还展望了金属硫化物异质结构建过程中面临的一些挑战,虽然金属硫化物基异质结光催化剂改善了载流子快速重组的缺点,但其光催化活性仍未达到实现产业化应用的水平.开发出一种具有宽谱带范围可见光吸收、快速电荷分离、大量活性位点、强氧化还原能力和较好稳定性的高性能金属硫化物基异质结光催化剂仍需做大量的工作.未来可以通过调控形貌、元素掺杂、缺陷工程和增加反应活性位点等策略来进一步提高金属硫化物基异质结光催化剂的活性.

Fabricating Cationic Lignin Hydrogels for Dye Adsorption

Due to the low content of adsorption-active groups in lignin,its application in the field of adsorption is limited.Herein,we first prepared cationic kraft lignin acrylate,from which a cationic lignin(CKLA)hydrogel was further prepared by cationic kraft lignin acrylate,acrylamide,and N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide.The morphology,compression properties and swelling properties of CKLA hydrogels were investigated.The prepared CKLA hydrogel was applied as an adsorbent for Congo red.The effect of CKLA hydrogel dosages,initial concentration of Congo red,and pH on adsorption efficiency was investigated.The maximum Congo red removal efficiency was obtained at the initial concentration of Congo red of 50 mg/L,pH 7,and 5 mg dosage of CKLA hydrogel with 20%cationic lignin content.After five cycles of adsorption,the adsorption efficiency of the hydrogel for Congo red still reached more than 80%.The CKLA hydrogel showed pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics for Congo red adsorption.These results demonstrate the potential of the CKLA hydrogel as an adsorbent for water treatment.

重大决策社会稳定风险评估如何更加专业化?——基于江苏实践的分析

重大决策社会稳定风险评估是防范化解重大风险的有效制度设计之一,推动其专业化发展对提升社会风险防控能力尤为关键。在全国重大决策社会稳定风险评估专业化整体发展不够充分的情况下,江苏却成效显著,这需要一个学理上的解释。既有专业化研究往往仅聚焦过程或结果,加之数据资料获取的局限,对此缺乏相应的分析。论文尝试以江苏实践为启示性案例,考察其专业化表征与过程。研究发现:(1)重大决策社会稳定风险评估的专业化主要表现为人才队伍的专职化、技术标准与伦理价值、知识基础与教育培训、社会效益与经济效益、市场保护与社会认可、行业自治等六个方面;(2)其发展呈现“专业化-专业化下行-再专业化”的动态趋势;(3)政府、市场、行业和大学是影响其专业化的四个核心行动主体,分别影响了市场保护、需求、人员与技术、知识与人才培养等四个方面,主体之间不同的组合形塑了专业化的实践特征与发展轨迹。在此基础上,研究构建了一个包含特征、过程与核心行动主体的分析框架,为推动相关实践提供启示,这些启示主要包括:推动重大决策社会稳定风险评估的专业化发展,关键在于发挥行动主体合力,健全制度体系与标准体系,强化政策执行力度,完善第三方评估机构监管,深化基础理论研究和人才培养。

Effect of traveling-wave magnetic field on dendrite growth of high-strength steel slab: Industrial trials and numerical simulation

The dendrite growth behavior of high-strength steel during slab continuous casting with a traveling-wave magnetic field was studied in this paper. The morphology of the solidification structure and composition distribution were analyzed. Results showed that the columnar crystals could deflect and break when the traveling-wave magnetic field had low current intensity. With the increase in current intensity, the secondary dendrite arm spacing and solute permeability decreased, and the columnar crystal transformed into an equiaxed crystal. The electromagnetic force caused by the traveling-wave magnetic field changed the temperature gradient and velocity magnitude and promoted the breaking and fusing of dendrites. Dendrite compactness and composition uniformity were arranged in descending order as follows:columnar-toequiaxed transition (high current intensity), columnar crystal zone (low current intensity), columnar-to-equiaxed transition (low current intensity), and equiaxed crystal zone (high current intensity). Verified numerical simulation results combined with the boundary layer theory of solidification front and dendrite breaking–fusing model revealed the dendrite deflection mechanism and growth process. When thermal stress is not considered, and no narrow segment can be found in the dendrite, the velocity magnitude on the solidification front of liquid steel can reach up to 0.041 m/s before the dendrites break.

Phytoplanktonic biogeography in the subtropical coastal waters,East China Sea along intensive anthropogenic stresses: roles of environmental versus spatial factors

Understanding the relative roles of local environmental effects and spatial effects on phytoplankton community is of essential importance to study the biogeography of them at regional scale. However, the determinants that driving the biogeography of phytoplankton communities in the coastal area of northern Zhejiang still remained unclear. We surveyed phytoplankton community compositions in water columns associated with environmental and spatial influences across five subzones that geographically covering this region over four seasons. Diatoms and dinoflagellates were recorded as the main dominant groups and Coscinodiscus oculs-iridis, Coscinodiscus jonesianus, and Skeletonema costatum, were identified as the major abundant species existing in all seasons.Spatially structured environmental conditions, rather than pure spatial or environmental factors, substantially shaped the biogeography of phytoplankton community, with the former mainly comprised of water temperature,dissolved oxygen, phosphate, pH, and salinity, and the latter referring to a non-negligible factor. This study was the first integrated research that combining environmental filtering with spatial factors in structuring phytoplankton communities at a complete tempo-spatial scale. Our results may facilitate to the further study of harmful algal blooms early-warning in this region.

Expert Consensus on Nutritional Support for Children with Congenital Heart Disease(2023 Edition)

The second edition of the expert consensus on pediatric nutrition was formed based on a global update of pedia-tric nutrition guidelines or consensus worldwide,the management of congenital heart disease,and the results of multi-center clinical nutrition research for congenital heart disease following thefirst Chinese consensus edition of 2016.The consensus was also shaped by the results of three discussion sessions and two questionnaires con-ducted by the 13-member collaboration group.This process was informed by both clinical guidelines and expert consensus.The quality of literature,both in English and Chinese,and the level of recommendations were evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluations(GRADE)system.

Design of Ka-Band Phased Array Antenna with Calibration Function

In this paper,we have proposed a novel structure of Ka-band based phased array antenna with calibration function.In the design of Kaband antenna,the active phased array system is adopted and the antenna would work in the dual polarization separation mode.We have given out the schematic diagram for the proposed Ka-band antenna,where the Kaband antenna is in the form of waveguide slot array antenna,with 96 units in azimuth and 1 unit in distance.Each group of units is driven by a singlechannel Transmitter/Receiver(T/R)component,and the whole array contains 192 T/R components in total.The size of the T/R component is 55mm(length)×50mm(width)×5.8mm(height),3 Sub-micro Sub-Miniature Push-on(SSMP)blind sockets and a 21-core low-frequency socket are designed on the two sides of the T/R component.In order to meet the technical specifications of phased array antenna,the Ka-band transceiver component is designed based on Low Temperatrue Co-fired Ceramic(LTCC)technology to achieve miniaturization and lightweight.In our approach,the feed network includes two parts:transceiver network and calibration network.The transceiver network consists of 241:8 time-delay power dividers,12 two-way power dividers and 2 six-way time-delay power dividers.The power supply required by theKaband antenna unit is provided to each active component by the power module after Ka band wavelet control distribution.Simulation and measurement results are given in the form of standing wave and scanning capability.

Pharmacological effects of denervated muscle atrophy due to metabolic imbalance in different periods

Denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy can potentially cause the decline in the quality of life of patients and an increased risk of mortality.Complex pathophysiological mechanisms with dynamic alterations have been documented in skeletal muscle atrophy resulting from innervation loss.Hence,an in-depth comprehension of the key mechanisms and molecules governing skeletal muscle atrophy at varying stages,along with targeted treatment and protection,becomes essential for effective atrophy management.Our preliminary research categorizes the skeletal muscle atrophy process into four stages using microarray analysis.This review extensively discusses the pathways and molecules potentially implicated in regulating the four stages of denervation and muscle atrophy.Notably,drugs targeting the reactivare oxygen species stage and the inflammation stage assume critical roles.Timely intervention during the initial atrophy stages can expedite protection against skeletal muscle atrophy.Additionally,pharmaceutical intervention in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway associated with atrophy and autophagy lysosomes can effectively slow down skeletal muscle atrophy.Key molecules within this stage encompass MuRF1,MAFbx,LC3II,p62/SQSTM1,etc.This review also compiles a profile of drugs with protective effects against skeletal muscle atrophy at distinct postdenervation stages,thereby augmenting the evidence base for denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy treatment.

基于虚拟仿真实验的锂离子电池正极材料制备及性能探究

随着我国新能源行业的迅猛发展,不少高校开设了锂离子电池材料的制备、表征、电池组装和性能测试等综合实验,取得了很好的教学效果。但是由于设备成本和教学时间的限制,无法满足全部实验需求。我们采用虚拟仿真技术,通过虚拟实验过程中正极材料的制备、锂离子电池的组装和性能测试的完整流程,让学生熟悉电化学实验的基本操作技能和相关仪器的使用方法,进而在实际操作中提高实验效率和成功率,建立了虚实结合、线上线下融合的教学模式,拓宽了学生的视野,培养了学生的动手能力和创新意识。

纳米金的故事——见微知著

金元素在人类科学技术发展中占有重要的地位。卢瑟福通过向金箔发射α粒子,弄清了原子的基本结构;法拉第的胶体金实验为今天的纳米技术革命提供了早期的线索;金电极用于制备引发信息革命的芯片。而纳米金是黄金技术发展的核心,比如诊断测试工具,等离子体效应以及高效催化剂。本文结合实例,用生动的语言对纳米金的历史、应用和未来发展进行了论述和概括,同时也介绍了相关的物理化学原理,让读者在趣味阅读中了解纳米金的相关知识和应用。

AME证据系列001--转化医学协会:脓毒症诊断和早期识别的临床实践指南

脓毒症是一种由感染引起的异质性疾病,感染触发了一系列复杂的局部或者全身的免疫炎症反应,引起多器官功能衰竭,发病率和病死率显著升高。由于至今仍然没有诊断脓毒症的金标准,所以脓毒症的临床诊断仍是一个难题。因此,脓毒症的临床诊断需要不断改变来满足临床和研究的要求。然而,尽管有许多新型的生物标记和筛选工具去预测脓毒症发生的风险,但是这些措施的诊断价值和有效性不足以让人满意,并且没有充分的证据去建议临床使用这些新技术。因此,脓毒症的临床诊断标准需要定期更新去适应不断产生的新证据。这篇综述旨在呈现当前脓毒症的诊断和早期识别方面的最新研究证据。临床运用不同的诊断方法的推荐意见依赖于推荐、评价、发展和评估分级体系(Grades of Recommendation Assessment,Development and Evaluation,GRADE),因为大部分的研究是观察性研究,并没有对这些方法进行可靠评估,采用的是两步推理方法。未来需要更多研究来确认或者反驳某一特殊的指标检测,同时应该直接采用相关病人的结果数据。

Cd uptake in rice cultivars treated with organic acids and EDTA

A pot experiment was conducted to examine the activity of antioxidant enzymes, the content of malondialdehyde （MDA）, proline and protein, and Cd uptake in different rice cultivars exposed to Cd （0, 1 and 5 mg/kg） in the presence of organic acids and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid （EDTA）. The results showed the increase in activity of dismutase （SOD）, contents of proline and protein but a decline in activities of peroxidase （POD） and catalase （CAT）, and MDA content for cultivars Xiushui63 and IIyou527. The resistance to Cd was higher in Xiushui63 than that in IIyou527 under the same Cd treatment. Cadmium contents in grain, straw and roots of both cultivars were markedly reduced in the presence of organic acids and EDTA. Grain Cd contents was the highest for plants treated with organic acids, followed by organic acids ＋ 1/2EDTA, and the lowest with EDTA; Cd contents in straw and root were the lowest for plants treated with organic acids, followed by organic acids ＋ 1/2EDTA, and the highest with EDTA treatment when exposed to Cd.

V2X Offloading and Resource Allocation in SDN-Assisted MEC-Based Vehicular Networks

As an important application scenario of 5G, the vehicular network has a huge amount of computing data, which brings challenges to the scarce network resources. Mobile edge computing(MEC) sinks cloud services to the edge of network, which reduces the delay jitter caused by remote cloud computing. Software-defined networking(SDN) is an emerging network paradigm with the features of logic centralized control and programmability. In this paper, we construct an SDN-assisted MEC network architecture for the vehicular network. By introducing SDN controller, the efficiency and flexibility of vehicular network are improved, and the network state can be perceived from the global perspective. To further reduce the system overhead, the problem of vehicle to everything(V2X) offloading and resource allocation is proposed, where the optimal offloading decision, transmission power control, subchannels assignment, and computing resource allocation scheme are given. The optimization problem is transformed into three stages because of the heterogeneity of the offloaded tasks and the NP-hard property of the problem. Firstly, the analytic hierarchy process is used to select initial offloading node, then stateless Q-learning is adopted to allocate transmission power, subchannels and computing resources. In addition, the offloading decision is modeled as a potential game, and the Nash equilibrium is proved by the potential function construction. Finally, the numerical results show that the proposed mechanism can effectively reduce the system overhead and achieve better results compared with others’ algorithms.