In vivo volumetric monitoring of revascularization of traumatized skin using extended depth-of-field photoacoustic microscopy

Faster and better wound healing is a critical medical issue.Because the repair process of wounds is closely related to revascularization,accurate early assessment and postoperative monitoring are very important for establishing an optimal treatment plan.Herein,we present an extended depth-of-field photoacoustic microscopy system(E-DOF-PAM)that can achieve a constant spatial resolution and relatively uniform excitation efficiency over a long axial range.The superior performance of the system was verified by phantom and in vivo experiments.Furthermore,the system was applied to the imaging of normal and trauma sites of volunteers,and the experimental results accurately revealed the morphological differences between the normal and traumatized skin of the epidermis and dermis.These results demonstrated that the E-DOF-PAM is a powerful tool for observing and understanding the pathophysiology of cutaneous wound healing.

3D depth-coded photoacoustic microscopy with a large field of view for human skin imaging

Photoacoustic （PA） microscopy comes with high potential for human skin imaging, since it allows noninvasively high-resolution imaging of the natural hemoglobin at depths of several millimeters. Here, we developed a PA microscopy to achieve high-resolution, high-contrast, and large field of view imaging of skin. A three-dimensional （3D） depth-coding technology was used to encode the depth information in PA images, which is very intuitive for identifying the depth of blood vessels in a two-dimensional image, and the vascular structure can be analyzed at different depths. Imaging results demonstrate that the 3D depth-coded PA microscopy should be translated from the bench to the bedside.

Pathogen-inducible OsMPKKI 0.2-OsMPK6 cascade phosphorylates the Raf-like kinase OsEDRI and inhibits its scaffold function to promote rice disease resistance

Mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)cascades regulate a myriad of plant biological processes,including disease resistance.Plant genomes encode a large number of MAPK kinase kinases(MAPKKKs)that can be divided into two subfamilies,namely MEKK-like kinases and Raf-like kinases.Thus far,the func-tions of MEKK-like MAPKKKs have been relatively well characterized,but the roles of Raf-like MAPKKKs in.plant MAPK cascades remain less understood.Here,we report the role of OsEDR1,a Raf-like MAPKKK,in the regulation of the MAPK cascade in rice response tp the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola(Xoc).We found that OsEDR1 inhibits OsMPKK10.2(a MAPK kinase)activity through physical interaction.Upon Xoc infection,OsMPKK10.2 is phosphorylated at S304 to activate OsMPK6(a MAPK).Interestingly,activated OsMPK6 phosphorylates OsEDR1 at S861,which destabilizes OsEDR1 and thus releases the inhibition of OsMPKK10.2,leading to increased OsMPKK10.2 activity and enhanced resistance of rice plants to Xoc.Taken together,these results provide new insights into the functions of Raf-like ki-nases in the regulation of the MAPK cascade in plant immunity.

被动声学监测技术在陆生哺乳动物研究中的应用、进展和展望

被动声学监测(passive acoustic monitoring,PAM)技术指将自动录音机安装在自然环境中收集野生动物及其所在环境的声音信号的监测方法。20世纪90年代以来,PAM技术陆续被应用于翼手目和灵长目等陆生哺乳动物的监测和研究,探究了陆生哺乳动物行为学、生态学和保护生物学等方面的科学问题。然而,当前缺乏对这些研究的系统性总结和展望。本文从活动规律和时间分配、栖息地利用、物种分布、种群大小与密度、生物多样性、人为干扰的影响等领域综述了PAM技术在陆生哺乳动物中的研究进展,并列举了相关应用实例。总体上,PAM技术涉及到生物学、生态学、声学、计算机科学等多学科的交叉融合,其应用受限于声学数据的储存和管理、物种或个体自动化识别以及声学指数评估的普适性,设备价格也相对昂贵,这些可能是导致该技术在我国陆生哺乳动物监测和研究方面的应用还相对滞后于其他国家的原因。最后,本文对未来研究方向进行了展望,并建议尽快建立和完善我国陆生哺乳动物PAM网络和数据共享平台、组织开展面对面访问调查或生物多样性保护相关的知识竞赛等公民科学项目、向更多科研机构或保护区推广PAM技术的应用,使该技术成为陆生哺乳动物行为学、生态学、生物多样性保护等领域不可或缺的技术手段,进一步服务于我国的生物多样性保护和生态文明建设。