Spatiotemporal expression and application of urban residential solar rights based on CityGML-LADM

Property disputes are frequent occurrences in rapidly urbanizing regions.Among the legal issues concerning building property rights,solar rights disputes are prevalent because text clauses on solar rights rely on diverse measurements or calculations.Moreover,previous studies on measuring solar rights addressed only the sunlight duration and neglected the daylight factor(daylighting coefficient),which is an integral component of solar rights.Therefore,this study proposes a 3D spatiotemporal model for effectively measuring solar rights by taking both the sunlight duration and the daylight factor into consideration.This model would be technologically valuable in avoiding or settling legal disputes.Taking the specifications of the solar rights of building property in China as a case study,the proposed spatiotemporal model clarifies the complete solar rights of residential units and is implemented by integrating a geometric model from CityGML with a property model,namely,the Land Administration Domain Model(LADM).Three real typical cases are adopted to show the applicability and benefit of the 3D spatiotemporal model in resolving legal property disputes.

Spreading Behavior and Hot Cracking Mechanism of Single Tracks in High Strength Al–Cu–Mg–Mn Alloy Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Laser powder bed fusion(LPBF)technology is a high-precision metal additive manufacturing(AM)technology.Due to the high specific strength of high strength aluminum alloys,high strength aluminum alloys fabricated by LPBF have broad application prospects in the field of light weighting.However,high strength aluminum alloys have high hot cracking susceptibility.In this study,an analysis of the hot cracking susceptibility as a function of processing parameters is presented for single tracks of LPBF processed(LPBFed)high strength Al–Cu–Mg–Mn alloy.The hot cracking in single tracks of LPBFed Al–Cu–Mg–Mn alloy is solidification cracking based on the experimental observations of microstructure.Combining Rosenthal simulations and spreading behavior of a single droplet,the critical scanning speed of single track with balling phenomenon was obtained.It was found that when the laser power was 200 W,the scanning speed exceeded 440.1 mm/s,the droplet will not be able to spread completely,which is consistent with the experimental result of 500 mm/s.Through the calculation and analysis of the microstructure and the existence time of the molten pool,it was pointed out that the reduction in the liquid phase caused by the high scanning speed,the shortening of the solidification time and the high stress caused by the high-temperature gradient promoted the generation of hot cracking.In summary,this work contains a practical guide to optimize processing parameters of LPBFed Al–Cu–Mg–Mn alloys,which provides a basis for fabricating thin walls and cubic samples without hot cracking.

Interfacial characteristics and mechanical properties of additive manufacturing martensite stainless steel on the Cu-Cr alloy substrate by directed energy deposition

Copper/steel is a typical bimetal functional material,combining the excellent electrical and thermal conductivity of copper alloy and the high strength and hardness of stainless steel.There has been recent interest in manufacturing copper/steel bimetal by directed energy deposition(DED)due to its layer-bylayer method.However,cracks tend to form on the copper/steel interface because of the great difference in thermal expansion coefficient and crystal structure between copper and steel.In this work,interfacial characteristics and mechanical properties of the copper/steel bimetal were studied from one layer to multilayers.The laser power has a great influence on the Cu element distribution of the molten pool,affecting the crack formation dramatically on the solidification stage.Cracks tend to form along columnar grain boundaries because of the Cu-rich liquid films and spherical particles in the cracks.Crack-free and good metallurgical bonding copper/steel interface is formed at a scanning velocity of 800 mm/min and the laser power of 3000 W.The ultimate tensile strength(UTS)and the break elongation(EL)of the vertically combined crack-free copper/steel bimetal are 238.2±4.4 MPa and 20.6±0.7%,respectively.The fracture occurs on the copper side instead of the copper/steel interface,indicating that the bonding strength is higher than that of the Cu-Cr alloy.The UTS of the horizontally combined crack-free copper/steel bimetal is 746.7±22.6 MPa,which is 200%higher than that of the Cu-Cr alloy substrate.The microhardness is 398.6±5.4 HV at the steel side and is 235.3±64.1 HV at the interface,which is400%higher than that of the Cu-Cr alloy substrate.This paper advances the understanding of the interfacial characteristics of heterogeneous materials and provides guidance and reference for the fabrication of multi-material components by DED.

Impact of antitumor regimens on the outcomes of cancer patients with COVID-19:a pooled analysis

Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),which is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)discovered in December 2019,the disease has emerged as a global pandemic(Shi et al.,2020;World Health Organization,2020).Several studies have shown a higher incidence of COVID-19,as well as related poor outcomes in patients with malignancies as compared with those without them(Liang et al.,2020;Tian et al.,2020).

Focus on Dysregulated Adaptive Immunity in Chronic Hepatitis B:A Promising Direction for Immunotherapy

Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection is a public health problem that endangers global health and is the leading cause for the occurrence and death due to hepatocellular carcinoma.Although nucleotide analogs are excellent in controlling virus replication,they have little effect on the production,stability,and transcription of covalently closed circular DNA(cccDNA)in infected hepatocytes.Moreover,only a small fraction of patients with chronic hepatitis B are cured by interferon therapy.During HBV infection,HBV-specific B cells and T cells are produced.HBV-specific T cells exert antiviral effects through cell lysis and non-cytolytic effector functions,reducing viral intermediates and cccDNA.In addition,HBV-specific B cells produce antibodies that eliminate HBV-infected liver cells through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of natural killer cells.They can also bind to the hepatitis B surface antigen on the surface of the virus particle,inducing antibody-dependent phagocytosis by Kupffer cells.These responses could be combined with immunotherapy based on antiviral therapy,which may achieve a complete cure for hepatitis B.However,patients with chronic hepatitis B have immune dysfunctions,which challenges immunotherapy implementation.This review focuses on advances in adaptive immunotherapy for chronic viral hepatitis B.

The Knowledge on HCV:From the Discovery to the Elimination

From being described as“non-A,non-B”hepatitis in 1975 and being identified in 1989,to the emergence of direct-acting antiviral drugs(DAAs),knowledge on hepatitis C virus(HCV)has achieved a qualitative leap in recent decades.Although more than 95%of HCV patients can be cured by DAAs,the high detection rate,high treatment cost,and relative high recurrence rate for some subtypes(eg,type 3b)make it still a public health problem worldwide.Due to the widespread availability of DAAs,vaccine research has received relatively little attention.The purpose of this review is to look back to the discovery of the HCV,its life cycle,innate and adaptive immune responses,and the evolution of treatment options for HCV.