Insertion/deletion variants within the IGF2BP2 gene identified in reported genome-wide selective sweep analysis reveal a correlation with goat litter size

Insulin-like growth factor 2 m RNA-binding protein 2(IGF2 BP2,also called IMP2)plays an essential role in the development and maturation of germ cells and embryos and is a candidate gene for goat litter size,based on a previous genomewide selective sweep analysis.In this study,the m RNA expression level of IGF2 BP2 was found to be significantly higher in a single-lamb group than in a multi-lamb group.Insertions/deletions(indels)within the goat IGF2 BP2 gene,including P4-Ins-13 bp and P5-Del-12 bp,were verified in 918 Shaanbei White Cashmere(SBWC)female goats.The minor allelic frequencies(MAFs)of P4-Ins-13 bp and P5-Del-12 bp loci were 0.349 and 0.295,respectively.Analysis using the Chi-square(χ^(2))test showed that the genotype(χ^(2)=14.479,P=0.006)distribution of P4-Ins-13 bp was significantly different between the single-lamb and multi-lamb groups.Correlation analysis demonstrated that P4-Ins-13 bp was significantly associated with goat litter size(P=0.022),and individual goats with the homozygous deletion/deletion(DD)genotype produced more litters than other goats.Therefore,considered as a potential molecular marker significantly related to lambing traits,the P4-Ins-13 bp mutation of the goat IGF2 BP2 gene can be used in goat breeding with practical molecular marker-assisted selection(MAS)to optimize female reproduction and improve economic efficiency in the goat industry.

The effect of subbranch for the quantification of local hemodynamic environment in the coronary artery:a computed tomography angiography–based computational fluid dynamic analysis

Background:Hemodynamic parameters derived from computed tomography angiography–based computational fluid dynamics(CFD)analysis have been widely used for clinical decision-making and researches to assess the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques and explain the initialization and development of atherosclerosis.Subbranches in the CFD model might affect the accuracy of hemodynamic parameters,but the effectiveness has been least quantified.Methods:A coronary artery baseline model was generated with focal stenosis at the proximal left anterior descending artery.Nineteen comparing models were created by systematically removing various subbranches to examine the changes in hemodynamic parameters,including time-averaged pressure(TAP),time-averaged wall shear stress(TAWSS),oscillatory shear index(OSI),and particle relative residence time(RRT).Changes in these parameters were assessed quantitatively around the stenosis and near the region where subbranches were removed.Results:The removal of subbranches caused a significant change in outflow rate,and there was generally a decrease in all CFD parameters in the regions of interest with a decrease in outflow rate.The subbranch removal had a significant impact on the calculation of TAWSS,OSI,and RRT,whereas TAP was insensitive to the removal with approximately 0.25%variation in all 19 models.The local effect from removing branch segments generally became negligible after 5 diameters away from the cutting-off position,but the decrease could be affected by other factors,such as a large curvature.Conclusion:The outflow rate is a dominant factor for the calculation of TAP,TAWSS,OSI,and RRT.Removal of subbranches has a minor effect on the TAP calculation,but its effect is considerable on the TAWSS,OSI,and RRT.The effect of subbranch removal is limited in a region with 5 local diameters.