Identification of P-type plasma membrane H^(+)-ATPases in common wheat and characterization of TaHA7 associated with seed dormancy and germination

The P-type plasma membrane(PM)H^(+)-ATPases(HAs)are crucial for plant development,growth,and defense.The HAs have been thoroughly characterized in many different plants.However,despite their importance,the functions of HAs in germination and seed dormancy(SD)have not been validated in wheat.Here,we identified 28 TaHA genes(TaHA1-28)in common wheat,which were divided into five subfamilies.An examination of gene expression in strong-and weak-SD wheat varieties led to the discovery of six candidate genes(TaHA7/-12/-14/-16/-18/-20).Based on a single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)mutation(C/T)in the TaHA7 coding region,a CAPS marker(HA7)was developed and validated in 168 wheat varieties and 171 Chinese mini-core collections that exhibit diverse germination and SD phenotypes.We further verified the roles of the two allelic variations of TaHA7 in germination and SD using wheat mutants mutagenized with ethyl methane sulphonate(EMS)in‘Jimai 22’and‘Jing 411’backgrounds,and in transgenic Arabidopsis lines.TaHA7 appears to regulate germination and SD by mediating gibberellic acid(GA)and abscisic acid(ABA)signaling,metabolism,and biosynthesis.The results presented here will enable future research regarding the TaHAs in wheat.

IgG N-糖基心血管年龄独立于真实年龄精准表征心血管事件风险

亚临床动脉粥样硬化和代谢紊乱是心血管健康的重要风险因素,应用免疫球蛋白G(IgG)N-聚糖模式作为炎症指标表征其发病风险已有研究报道。然而,对于IgG N-糖基谱在心血管疾病(CVD)风险分层中的能力仍然未知。本研究旨在利用IgG N-糖基标志物开发追踪心血管疾病风险的年龄指数。本研究基于横断面调查,从Busselton健康和老龄研究中共招募1465名40~70岁之间的个体。使用机器学习递归特征消除和惩罚回归算法逐步筛选特征糖基,并开发IgG N-糖基化心血管年龄(GlyCage)指数,以反映归因于心血管风险的与真实年龄间的偏差。结果显示,对GlyCage指数贡献最大的是具有双分叉N-乙酰葡萄糖胺(GlcNAc)的岩藻糖基化N-聚糖(GP6,FA2B)和具有双分叉GlcNAc的双半乳糖基化N-聚糖(GP13,A2BG2)。GlyCage独立于真实年龄,与较高的Framingham十年心血管风险[优势比(OR)为1.09;95%CI:1.05~1.13]和患心血管疾病概率(OR,1.07;95%CI:1.01~1.13)显著相关。GlyCage大于真实年龄三年及以上的个体,其心血管风险和心血管疾病患病概率增加,调整后的OR值分别为2.22(95%CI:1.41~3.53)和2.71(95%CI:1.25~6.41)。GlyCage指数区分十年心血管风险和事件的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)值分别为0.73和0.65,而真实年龄为0.65和0.63。因此,本研究开发的GlyCage指数利用IgG N-糖基谱追踪心血管健康水平。GlyCage和真实年龄之间的差距能够独立地表征心血管风险,提示IgG N-糖基化在心血管疾病的发病机制中起作用。GlyCage指数对心血管风险的预测能力需要在其他人群中进行外部和纵向验证。

Pollination ecology in China from 1977 to 2017

China is one of most biodiverse countries in the world, containing at least 10% of all angiosperm species.Therefore, we should anticipate a diverse, pollinator fauna. China also has a long history of applied ethnobiology, including a sustainable agriculture based on apiculture and plant-pollinator interactions.However, the science of pollination ecology is a far younger sub-discipline in China, compared to in the West. Chinese studies in pollination ecology began in the 1970 s. For this review, we compiled a complete reference database(>600 publications) of pollination studies in China. Using this database, we identified and analyzed gaps and limitations in research on the pollination systems of native and naturalized species. Specifically, we asked the following questions: 1) What do we know about the pollination systems of native, Chinese species? 2) How does Chinese pollination ecology compare with the development of pollination research abroad and which aspects of research should be pursued by Chinese anthecologists in the near future? 3) What research on pollination in China will advance our understanding and contribute to our ongoing analyses of endemism and conservation? Subsequently, we segregated and identified prospective lines of future research that are unique to China and can only be done in China. This requires discussing priorities within a systematic approach.

卒中后失语症的评估及进展

功能评估是开展临床诊断和科学研究的前提和基础,对语言能力进行准确的诊断性评估需要一些工具。目前国内有很多关于脑血病意外后汉语失语症的研究。失语症是一种常见的脑卒中后遗症,严重影响患者的生活质量,因此,对言语能力的评估在失语症的评价、分型和康复中起着重要的作用。本文就目前应用广泛、评价较高的标准化语言评估工具进行介绍,供评估者选择使用。

Application of Xiao’er Kechuanling Oral Liquid Combined with Tulobuterol Patch in Children with Bronchiolitis

[Objectives]To explore the use of Xiao’er Kechuanling Oral Liquid combined with Tulobuterol Patch on the basis of comprehensive treatment,compare it with the combined aerosol inhalation of terbutaline,ipratropium bromide and budesonide which are commonly used in clinic,and observe the curative effect in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis and the effect on serum IL-4 and IL-8.[Methods]80 children with acute bronchiolitis were randomly divided into observation group(n=40)and control group(n=40),and both groups were given routine comprehensive treatment.The observation group was treated with Xiao’er Kechuanling Oral Liquid combined with Tulobuterol Patch and budesonide,while the control group was treated with combined aerosol inhalation of terbutaline,ipratropium bromide and budesonide.The curative effect of the two groups was observed;the remission duration of cough,wheezing,dyspnea and nocturnal wheezing,and the disappearance time of wheezing rales and moist rales were observed in the two groups;the treatment course of intravenous infusion of methylprednisolone sodium succinate,oxygen inhalation time,sputum suction times and hospitalization time were observed in the two groups;the changes of serum IL-4 and IL-8 were observed before and after treatment in the two groups;the adverse drug reactions were observed.[Results](i)The total effective rate of the two groups was 100%(P>0.05),but the cure rate of the observation group(72.5%)was significantly higher than that of the control group(42.5%)(P<0.01).(ii)The disappearance time of cough,wheezing rales and moist rales and hospitalization time in the observation group were significantly shorter than those in the control group(P<0.01),the remission duration of nocturnal wheezing in the observation group was shorter than that in the control group(P<0.05),and the remission duration of wheezing and dyspnea in the control group was slightly longer than that in the control group(P>0.05).(iii)There was no significant difference(P>0.05)in serum IL-4 and serum IL-8 between the two groups before and after treatment.After treatment,the levels of serum IL-4 and IL-8 in the observation group and the control group were significantly lower than those before treatment in the observation group and the control group.[Conclusions]On the basis of comprehensive treatment,the use of Xiao’er Kechuanling Oral Liquid combined with Tulobuterol Patch in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis could reduce the effect of nocturnal wheezing on sleep,reduce the levels of serum IL-4 and IL-8,and significantly improve adverse symptoms.

Study on ionosphere change over Shandong based from SDCORS in 2012

Temporal and spatial variation of ionosphere can influence our daily communication activities. By solving the one-year global positioning system （GPS） data of Shandong Continuous Operational Reference System （SDCORS） in 2012, we modeled the single-layer spherical harmonic model of vertical total electron content （TEC） over Shandong Province, China, and analyzed the time series of TEC in 2012. The ionosphere over Shandong in 2012 was in the peak year of solar activity. The ionospheric model over Shandong was calibrated and verified using data of the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe （CODE） and the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China （CMONOC）, respectively. The ionosphere is greatly influenced by latitude and solar activity and has the phenomenon of Winter anomaly and semiannual anomaly as well as the session change, diurnal variation, monthly change and seasonal variations. So we can grasp the regularity of temporal and spatial distribution of ionosphere over Shandong, China.

Fabrication and performance evaluation of GaN thermal neutron detectors with bm^6LiF conversion

A GaN-based pin neutron detector with a 6LiF conversion layer was fabricated, and can be used to detect thermal neutrons. Measurement of the electrical characteristic of the GaN-based pin neutron detector showed that the reverse leakage current of the neutron detector was reduced significantly after deposition of a 6LiF conversion layer on the detector surface. The thermal neutrons used in this experiment were obtained from an 241Am-Be fast neutron source after being moderated by 100-mm-thick high-density polyethylene. The experimental results show that the detector with 16.9-μm thick 6LiF achieved a maximum neutron detection efficiency of 1.9% at a reverse bias of 0 V, which is less than the theoretical detection efficiency of 4.1% calculated for our GaN neutron detectors.

Neoadjuvant camrelizumab(an anti-PD-1 antibody)plus chemotherapy or apatinib(a VEGFR-2 inhibitor)for initially unresectable stage II–III non-small-cell lung cancer:a multicentre,two-arm,phase 2 exploratory study

This multicentre,two-arm,phase 2 study aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant camrelizumab plus chemotherapy or apatinib in patients with initially unresectable stage II–III non-small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Eligible patients regardless of PD-L1 expression received neoadjuvant camrelizumab 200 mg and platinum-doublet chemotherapy every 3 weeks(arm A)or those with PD-L1-positive tumors received neoadjuvant camrelizumab and apatinib 250 mg once daily(arm B),for 2–4 cycles,followed by surgery.The primary endpoint was major pathological response(MPR)rate.Thirty patients in arm A and 21 in arm B were enrolled.Surgery rates were 50.0%(15/30)in arm A and 42.9%(9/21)in arm B,with all patients achieving R0 resections.Of these patients,the MPR and pathological complete response rates were both 20.0%(95%CI 4.3–48.1)in arm A and were 55.6%(95%CI 21.2–86.3)and 11.1%(95%CI 0.3–48.2)in arm B,respectively.The corresponding objective response rates were 33.3%(95%CI 11.8–61.6)and 55.6%(95%CI 21.2–86.3).With a median follow-up of 22.4 months(95%CI 19.0–26.0),the median event-free survival was not reached(NR;95%CI 13.6-NR)in arm A and 16.8 months(95%CI 8.6-NR)in arm B.Grade 3 or above treatment-related adverse events occurred in eight(26.7%)patients in arm A and three(14.3%)in arm B.Biomarker analysis showed baseline TYROBP expression was predictive of treatment response in arm B.Neoadjuvant camrelizumab plus chemotherapy or apatinib exhibits preliminary efficacy and manageable toxicity in patients with initially unresectable stage II–III NSCLC.

固化剂混掺对高温下CFRP板-钢板界面黏结性能的影响

针对单一固化剂难以兼顾耐热性和韧性的不足,研究了耐热性能较好的缩胺105和韧性较好的聚醚胺D230两种固化剂混掺对纳米SiO_(2)环氧胶黏剂玻璃转变温度及高温下基本力学性能的影响。按一定固化条件制作了30个胶黏剂拉伸试件、21个碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(CFRP)板-钢板双搭接试件,进行了高温及常温下的准静态拉伸试验、拉伸剪切试验,测试了相应胶黏剂的动态热机械性能,并与常用商品胶的耐热性能与力学性能进行比较,得到以下结论:随混掺固化剂中聚醚胺D230比重的增加,胶黏剂高温下的拉伸强度及弹性模量逐渐降低,断裂伸长率及应变能先增加后减小,缩胺105与聚醚胺D230两种固化剂混掺的推荐比例为1∶2。随固化温度的升高,具有固化剂混掺较佳比例的胶黏剂的玻璃转变温度有所提升,综合技术与经济因素,推荐(较佳)固化条件为90℃、2 h。推荐比例与推荐固化条件的纳米SiO_(2)环氧胶黏剂在环境温度20~70℃之间的拉伸强度及韧性均大大优于常用商品胶黏剂。基于推荐比例与推荐固化工艺的纳米SiO_(2)胶黏剂粘结的CFRP板-钢板搭接接头,在70℃服役温度下的荷载-位移曲线存在屈服段,承载能力(较采用单一缩胺105和单一聚醚胺D230固化剂的搭接试件分别提升了104.03%、64.43%)和延性(为采用单一缩胺105固化剂的搭接试件的2.5倍以上)均大幅提升。高温和常温下的黏结-滑移本构均为三线性四边形。胶黏剂在满足耐热性的同时,需尽可能提升其韧性,才能有效提升CFRP-钢搭接界面的力学性能。相比于常用商品胶黏剂,研制的推荐胶黏剂粘结的CFRP板-钢板搭接接头具有优越得多的承载能力和界面断裂能。

Contamination by persistent toxic substances in surface sediment of urban rivers in Chaohu City, China

The concentration and spatial distribution of persistent toxic substances （PTS） in the river sediment in Chaohu City, China were investigated. A total of nine surface sediments were collected and the selected PTS pollutants including six heavy metals and nineteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers （PBDEs） were analyzed. The mean heavy metal concentrations （in mg/kg, dry weight） ranged within 0.18-1.53 （Fig）, 50.08-200.18 （Cu）, 118.70-313.65 （Zn）, 50,77-310,85 （Cr）, 37.12-92.72 （Pb） and 13.29-197.24 （As）, and Cu, Zn and As have been regarded as the main metal pollutants, The levels of PBDEs （1.2-12.1 ng/g） and BDE-209 （2.4--30.5 ng/g） were at the middle level of the global range. BDE-209 was the predominant congener （67.0%-85.7%）, which agrees with the fact that technical deca-BDE mixtures are the dominant PBDE formulation in China. The relative high level of PTS poUutants in the western part of the city is probably owing to the intensive agricultural activities and lack of sewerage system there. The ecological risk assessment with the sediment quality guidelines （$OGs） indicates that the urban river sediments in the city have been heavily contaminated by heavy metals with probable ecotoxicological impacts on freshwater organisms and the main toxic pollutants are Hg and As, The results of current study imply that the city, and perhaps many other small cities in China as well, requires immediate pollution control measures with emphasis on not only conventional organic pollutants but also on PTS such as heavy metals and PBDEs.

Analysis and assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface water and sediments： a case study from Luan River, Northern China

Concentrations of the heavy metals Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr were examined in surface water and sediment from the Luan River inChina,. With a decline in Cu and Ni concentration found in surface water at downstream stations. This finding suggests that water currents are a major explanatory factor in heavy metal contamination. The abundance of Cr, Pb, and Cd observed in the middle reaches of the river indicates heavy metal contamination in local areas, although there was an obvious decrease in concentrations in the water downstream of the Daheiting Reservoir. The significant rising trend in Cu, Pb, and Ni seen the sediment farther away from the river also suggests that anthropogenic activities contribute to heavy metal pollution Sediments were therefore used as environmental indicators, with sediment assessment was conducted using the geo-accumulation index （Igeo） and the potential ecological risk index （R/）. The Igeo values revealed that Cd （3.13） and Cr （2.39） had accumulated significantly in the Luan River. The R/values for most （89%） of the sampling stations were higher than 300, suggesting that sediment from the Luan River poses a severe ecological risk, with the potential ecological risks downstream higher than that in the upper and middle streams. Good correlations among Pb/Ni, Pb/Cd, Cu/Pb, and Cu/Cd in the water and Cr/Ni in the sediment were observed. Cluster analysis suggested that Cd may have various origins, being derived from anthropogenic sources.

A core-shell composite pigment with rutile TiO_(2) intensification for UV inhibition

Organic pigments generlly have bright colors but poor ultraviolet(UV)resistance.To improve the UV for UVinhibition is proposed by afacile sol-gel method inthis work.Acore-shellstructure,witha homo resistance and extend the applications,a core-shell composite pigment with rutile Tio intensification geneous sol-gel TiO_(2) shell containing additional nanosized rutile TiO2 particles and with the pigment as the core,was established taking advantage of UV resistance of TiO2 and binding ability of sol-gel.While the sol-gel TiO2 shell alone has already shown obvious ultraviolet shielding effect,as tested over different sol-gel aging times and Tio2 loadings,the UV resistance of the fluorescent pigments was further enhanced by binding the nanosized rutile TiO2 in the sol-gel shell At a sol-gel TiO2 to rutile TiO2 ratio of 2:1,the UV exposure time is extended about eight times compared with that of the original pigment and twice as that of the modifed pigment with pure sol-gel TiO2 for the same color change.Therefore,the novel core-shell composite pigment intensified with nanosized rutile Tio2 particles is proved to be effcient in improving the uV resistance of organic pigments.

Gradient Amplification: An Efficient Way to Train Deep Neural Networks

Improving performance of deep learning models and reducing their training times are ongoing challenges in deep neural networks.There are several approaches proposed to address these challenges,one of which is to increase the depth of the neural networks.Such deeper networks not only increase training times,but also suffer from vanishing gradients problem while training.In this work,we propose gradient amplification approach for training deep learning models to prevent vanishing gradients and also develop a training strategy to enable or disable gradient amplification method across several epochs with different learning rates.We perform experiments on VGG-19 and Resnet models(Resnet-18 and Resnet-34),and study the impact of amplification parameters on these models in detail.Our proposed approach improves performance of these deep learning models even at higher learning rates,thereby allowing these models to achieve higher performance with reduced training time.

Long-term remodeling of anterior alveolar bone fromtreatment to retention

Bone remodeling in orthodontic treatment has been one of the most concerned issues.The purpose of this study was to characterize the changes in bone remodeling on both labial and lingual aspects of the anterior teeth during treatment and retention.Data of 55 extraction cases(41 females and 14 males)were collected at pretreatment,post-treatment,and follow-up stages.Bone thickness on both labial and lingual aspects of the upper and lower incisors were measured at the level of the center of resistance(UC and LC)and that of 3 mm apical to the upper and lower incisors’center of resistance(UAC and LAC).For LC,with the significant lingual movement of point LIR(center of resistance of lower incisor;P<0.001),no statistically significant changes in alveolar width on the labial aspect were detected,whereas the reduction of lingual alveolar width was statistically significant(P<0.001).In retention,no significant move-ment of point LIR appeared to occur,while an increase in alveolar width on the lingual aspect was found at this stage.For LAC,the changes in alveolar width as well as the displacement of point LIA(apex of lower incisor)were similar to those of LC.On the maxilla,with the control lingual tipping movement of upper incisor,most of the anterior alveolar changes surrounding the upper incisor were analogous to those of lower incisor.But differently,during treatment,labial bone thickness was increased significantly as the upper incisor moved lingually,and in retention,no statistically significant changes were found on both labial and lingual bone thickness as the upper incisor labially proclined.It was concluded that,with lingual movement of the incisors,bone apposition on the lingual aspect may lag behind the incisor movement.In retention,the lower incisors are in a stable position,with sequential bone apposition being presented on the lingual aspect.However,the upper incisors turn out to be labially relapsed along with the lingual bone resorption and labial bone apposition occurring simultaneously.

Deactivation study of unsupported nano MoS_(2) catalyst

The stability of catalyst is of great importance for a long-term operation.In this paper,the hydrodesulfurization stability and deactivation mechanism of unsupported nano MoS_(2) catalyst was examined with light cycle oil as feedstock under an extreme hydrotreating condition for 160 h.A typical supported catalyst was also studied for comparison purpose.The results show that the activity of nano MoS_(2) can be well maintained after initial deactivation in the first 60 h time-on-stream.Less coke was found on spent nano MoS_(2) than on the spent supported catalyst,though coke deposition is identified as the main cause of deactivation for the nano catalyst.Without acidic supports,only soft coke is formed on the surface of catalyst.Unlike the supported catalyst,decomposition of active phase played a minor role in the deactivation of nano MoS_(2).

Recent strategies of collagen-based biomaterials for cartilage repair: from structure cognition to function endowment

Collagen,characteristic in biomimetic composition and hierarchical structure,boasts a huge potential in repairing cartilage defect due to its extraordinary bioactivities and regulated physicochemical properties,such as low immunogenicity,biocompatibility and controllable degradation,which promotes the cell adhesion,migration and proliferation.Therefore,collagen-based biomaterial has been explored as porous scaffolds or functional coatings in cell-free scaffold and tissue engineering strategy for cartilage repairing.Among those forming technologies,freeze-dry is frequently used with special modifications while 3D-printing and electrospinning serve as the structure-controller in a more precise way.Besides,appropriate cross-linking treatment and incorporation with bioactive substance generally help the collagen-based biomaterials to meet the physicochemical requirement in the defect site and strengthen the repairing performance.Furthermore,comprehensive evaluations on the repair effects of biomaterials are sorted out in terms of in vitro,in vivo and clinical assessments,focusing on the morphology observation,characteristic production and critical gene expression.Finally,the challenge of biomaterial-based therapy for cartilage defect repairing was summarized,which is,the adaption to the highly complex structure and functional difference of cartilage.

Efficacy of ICIs on patients with oncogene-driven non-small cell lung cancer:a retrospective study

Aim:The objective of our study was to assess the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)on patients with non-small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC)harboring oncogenic alterations.Methods:We retrospectively enrolled patients with advanced non-squamous NSCLC who were treated with anti-PD-1-based monotherapy or combined immunotherapy.Major characteristics including PD-L1 expression,treatment,and survival were analyzed.Results:In total,309 non-squamous NSCLC patients with a median age of 61 years(range 20-88 years)including 70.9%male were retrospectively enrolled.The molecular alterations involved epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)(n=81),V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog(KRAS)(n=31),anaplastic lymphoma kinase(ALK)(n=1),human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)(n=12),V-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog(BRAF)(n=2),rearranged during transfection(n=4),and c-ros oncogene 1(ROS1)(n=3).In the EGFR subset,the ORR was 30.9%(n=81)and PFS was significantly shorter than WT group(median PFS:5.7 months vs.7.1 months;P=0.0061).In subgroup analyses,ICI combined therapy was significantly correlated with a longer PFS compared with ICI monotherapy(median PFS:7.7 months vs.4.7 months;P=0.0112).In KRAS patients,ORR was 51.6%(n=31).No significant difference was found in subgroup analyses.The ORR and PFS were 16.7%(n=12)and 28.6%(n=7),7.8 months and 9.0 months for HER2 and EGFR Exon20 insertion patients,respectively.Three ROS1 patients were enrolled with a PFS of 16.0,34.2,and 45.0 months individually,and one ALK patient with PFS of 4.4 months was identified.No response was found in two BRAF patients.Conclusion:ICI-based combination therapy can bring benefit to patients with EGFR-mutant NSCLC.ICI-based combination therapy could be considered for patients with ROS1 rearrangement,HER2 mutation and EGFR Exon20 insertion NSCLC.

Hemin associated to cetyltrimethylammonium broide micelles: a biomimetic catalyst for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol degradation

For the first time, an efficient, green, economical biomimetic catalyst （hemin-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide micelles） was discovered to degrade 2,4,6-trichlorophenol （TCP）. The degradation experiments indicate that pH, temperature, the addition of 2-methyIimidazole, and the amount of hydrogen peroxide influence the degradation process. Test of reusability revealed that CTAB micelles can protect hemin from destruction by H202 and that the materials can be recycled. This material can be of great use for waste-water treatment.

Nitrogen distribution in the products from the hydrothermal liquefaction of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp.

The high contents of nitrogen-containing organic compounds in biocrude obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae are one of the most concerned issues on the applications and environment.In the project,Chlorella sp.and Spirulina sp.were selected as raw materials to investigate the influence of different reaction conditions(i.e.,reaction temperature,residence time,solid loading rate)on the distribution of nitrogen in the oil phase and aqueous phase.Three main forms of nitrogen-containing organic compounds including nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds,amide,and amine were detected in biocrudes.The contents of nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds decreased with temperature while amide kept increasing.The effect of residence time on the components of nitrogen-containing organic compounds was similar with that of temperature.However,the influence of solid loading rate was insignificant.Moreover,it was also found that the differences of amino acids in the protein components in the two microalgae might affect the nitrogen distribution in products.For example,nitrogen in basic amino acids of Spirulina sp.preferred to go into the aqueous phase comparing with the nitrogen in neutral amino acids of Chlorella sp.In summary,a brief reaction map was proposed to describe the nitrogen pathway during microalgae hydrothermal liquefaction.

High yield bio-oil production by hydrothermal liquefaction of a hydrocarbon-rich microalgae and biocrude upgrading

A green colonial microalgae Botryococcus braunii was hydrothermally processed under subcritical water conditions without the addition of catalysts,obtaining an oil yield as high as 68%.The higher heating value of liquefaction products is close to that of petroleum crude oil.The oil fraction from Botryococcus braunii liquefaction was specified for the first time,and the liquefaction mechanism was proposed.Due to the high lipid content of Botryococcus braunii,the liquefaction product distribution is quite distinct from other microalgae.The produced biocrudes contain
9%oxygen,with oleic acid as the main source.Amides derived from oleic acid and proteins are the major nitrogenates in the biocrudes.The biocrude was processed using catalytic cracking and hydrotreating.Catalytic cracking mostly produces aromatics,while the majority of hydrotreating products are straight and branched hydrocarbons.The oxygen content in the catalytic cracking products was very low.The presence of amides in the hydrotreating feed changes the reaction pathway from hydrodecarboxylation to hydrodeoxygenation as a result of the competitive adsorption of amides on the active sites for hydrodecarboxylation.Both processes show satisfactory denitrogenation performance.Catalytic cracking displays superior ability than hydrotreating with regards to the removal of oxygen.