Total organic carbon(TOC)content is one of the most important parameters for characterizing the quality of source rocks and assessing the hydrocarbon-generating potential of shales.The Lucaogou Formation shale reservo...Total organic carbon(TOC)content is one of the most important parameters for characterizing the quality of source rocks and assessing the hydrocarbon-generating potential of shales.The Lucaogou Formation shale reservoirs in the Jimusaer Sag,Junggar Basin,NW China,is characterized by extremely complex lithology and a wide variety of mineral compositions with source rocks mainly consisting of carbonaceous mudstone and dolomitic mudstone.The logging responses of organic matter in the shale reservoirs is quite different from those in conventional reservoirs.Analyses show that the traditional△logR method is not suitable for evaluating the TOC content in the study area.Analysis of the sensitivity characteristics of TOC content to well logs reveals that the TOC content has good correlation with the separation degree of porosity logs.After a dimension reduction processing by the principal component analysis technology,the principal components are determined through correlation analysis of porosity logs.The results show that the TOC values obtained by the new method are in good agreement with that measured by core analysis.The average absolute error of the new method is only 0.555,much less when compared with 1.222 of using traditional△logR method.The proposed method can be used to produce more accurate TOC estimates,thus providing a reliable basis for source rock mapping.展开更多
Heterotopic ossification(HO)is the abnormal formation of bone in extraskeletal sites.However,the mechanisms linking HO pathogenesis with bone mass dysfunction remain unclear.Here,we showed that mice harboring injury-i...Heterotopic ossification(HO)is the abnormal formation of bone in extraskeletal sites.However,the mechanisms linking HO pathogenesis with bone mass dysfunction remain unclear.Here,we showed that mice harboring injury-induced and BMP4-dependent HO exhibit bone mass loss similar to that presented by patients with HO.Moreover,we found that injury-induced hyperinflammatory responses at the injury site triggered HO initiation but did not result in bone mass loss at 1 day post-injury(dpi).In contrast,a suppressive immune response promoted HO propagation and bone mass loss by 7 dpi.Correcting immune dysregulation by PD1/PDL1 blockade dramatically alleviated HO propagation and bone mass loss.We further demonstrated that fetuin-A(FetA),which has been frequently detected in HO lesions but rarely observed in HO-adjacent normal bone,acts as an immunomodulator to promote PD1 expression and M2 macrophage polarization,leading to immunosuppression.Intervention with recombinant FetA inhibited hyperinflammation and prevented HO and associated bone mass loss.Collectively,our findings provide new insights into the osteoimmunological interactions that occur during HO formation and suggest that FetA is an immunosuppressor and a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of HO.展开更多
In wastewater treatment plants（WWTPs）using the activated sludge process,two methods are widely used to improve aeration efficiency — use of high-efficiency aeration devices and optimizing the aeration control strat...In wastewater treatment plants（WWTPs）using the activated sludge process,two methods are widely used to improve aeration efficiency — use of high-efficiency aeration devices and optimizing the aeration control strategy. Aeration efficiency is closely linked to sludge characteristics（such as concentrations of mixed liquor suspended solids（MLSS）and microbial communities）and operating conditions（such as air flow rate and operational dissolved oxygen（DO）concentrations）. Moreover,operational DO is closely linked to effluent quality. This study,which is in reference to WWTP discharge class A Chinese standard effluent criteria,determined the growth kinetics parameters of nitrifiers at different DO levels in small-scale tests. Results showed that the activated sludge system could meet effluent criteria when DO was as low as 0.3 mg/L,and that nitrifier communities cultivated under low DO conditions had higher oxygen affinity than those cultivated under high DO conditions,as indicated by the oxygen half-saturation constant and nitrification ability. Based on nitrifier growth kinetics and on the oxygen mass transfer dynamic model（determined using different air flow rate（Q′air）and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids（MLVSS）values）,theoretical analysis indicated limited potential for energy saving by improving aeration diffuser performance when the activated sludge system had low oxygen consumption; however,operating at low DO and low MLVSS could significantly reduce energy consumption. Finally,a control strategy coupling sludge retention time and MLVSS to minimize the DO level was discussed,which is critical to appropriate setting of the oxygen point and to the operation of low DO treatment technology.展开更多
基金This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41504103).
文摘Total organic carbon(TOC)content is one of the most important parameters for characterizing the quality of source rocks and assessing the hydrocarbon-generating potential of shales.The Lucaogou Formation shale reservoirs in the Jimusaer Sag,Junggar Basin,NW China,is characterized by extremely complex lithology and a wide variety of mineral compositions with source rocks mainly consisting of carbonaceous mudstone and dolomitic mudstone.The logging responses of organic matter in the shale reservoirs is quite different from those in conventional reservoirs.Analyses show that the traditional△logR method is not suitable for evaluating the TOC content in the study area.Analysis of the sensitivity characteristics of TOC content to well logs reveals that the TOC content has good correlation with the separation degree of porosity logs.After a dimension reduction processing by the principal component analysis technology,the principal components are determined through correlation analysis of porosity logs.The results show that the TOC values obtained by the new method are in good agreement with that measured by core analysis.The average absolute error of the new method is only 0.555,much less when compared with 1.222 of using traditional△logR method.The proposed method can be used to produce more accurate TOC estimates,thus providing a reliable basis for source rock mapping.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(reference number 2019YFA0801800)the Natural Science Foundation of China(reference numbers 32070916,82102573,8157152,81472087,81670097 and 81870085)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(reference numbers 1508085MC45 and 1908085QH359).
文摘Heterotopic ossification(HO)is the abnormal formation of bone in extraskeletal sites.However,the mechanisms linking HO pathogenesis with bone mass dysfunction remain unclear.Here,we showed that mice harboring injury-induced and BMP4-dependent HO exhibit bone mass loss similar to that presented by patients with HO.Moreover,we found that injury-induced hyperinflammatory responses at the injury site triggered HO initiation but did not result in bone mass loss at 1 day post-injury(dpi).In contrast,a suppressive immune response promoted HO propagation and bone mass loss by 7 dpi.Correcting immune dysregulation by PD1/PDL1 blockade dramatically alleviated HO propagation and bone mass loss.We further demonstrated that fetuin-A(FetA),which has been frequently detected in HO lesions but rarely observed in HO-adjacent normal bone,acts as an immunomodulator to promote PD1 expression and M2 macrophage polarization,leading to immunosuppression.Intervention with recombinant FetA inhibited hyperinflammation and prevented HO and associated bone mass loss.Collectively,our findings provide new insights into the osteoimmunological interactions that occur during HO formation and suggest that FetA is an immunosuppressor and a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of HO.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project(No.2013ZX07314-001)
文摘In wastewater treatment plants（WWTPs）using the activated sludge process,two methods are widely used to improve aeration efficiency — use of high-efficiency aeration devices and optimizing the aeration control strategy. Aeration efficiency is closely linked to sludge characteristics（such as concentrations of mixed liquor suspended solids（MLSS）and microbial communities）and operating conditions（such as air flow rate and operational dissolved oxygen（DO）concentrations）. Moreover,operational DO is closely linked to effluent quality. This study,which is in reference to WWTP discharge class A Chinese standard effluent criteria,determined the growth kinetics parameters of nitrifiers at different DO levels in small-scale tests. Results showed that the activated sludge system could meet effluent criteria when DO was as low as 0.3 mg/L,and that nitrifier communities cultivated under low DO conditions had higher oxygen affinity than those cultivated under high DO conditions,as indicated by the oxygen half-saturation constant and nitrification ability. Based on nitrifier growth kinetics and on the oxygen mass transfer dynamic model（determined using different air flow rate（Q′air）and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids（MLVSS）values）,theoretical analysis indicated limited potential for energy saving by improving aeration diffuser performance when the activated sludge system had low oxygen consumption; however,operating at low DO and low MLVSS could significantly reduce energy consumption. Finally,a control strategy coupling sludge retention time and MLVSS to minimize the DO level was discussed,which is critical to appropriate setting of the oxygen point and to the operation of low DO treatment technology.
