Effect of solid-earth-tide on GPS time series

The solid-earth-tide models IERS1992 and IERS2003 are used to analyze some GPS-baseline,vertical-component and zenith-tropospheric-delay data from the Crustal Movement GPS Continuous Observation Net-work of Shandong and IGS stations. The results show that the differences between the baselines computed with the different models are at sub-millimeter level, and the differences in vertical component is direct proportional to station latitude. Also the amplitude of ZTD differences is about 0. 6-1.0 mm, which is 6% -8% of the amplitude of solid-earth-tide differences. Although these effects are quite small, to analyze non-tidal deformation correctly, we should still use a single standard for processing GPS data.

Culture of cryopreserved rat hepatocyte

Objective： To study the method of cryopreserving rat hepatocytes and double collagen gel culture measurement after its cryopreservation. Methods： Rat hepatocytes, isolated by two-step perfusion with collagenase using an extra corporeal perfusion apparatus, were cryopreserved in double collagen gel with culture medium added by epidermal growth factor（EGF）. The expression of cell function and cellular morphology were examined during culture. Results： The hepatocytes cryopreserved in double collagen gel concluding EGF showed good morphology and biological characteristics. After thawing, the MTT metabolism and protein synthesis of hepatocytes in sandwich ± EGF groups were better than those in control group. And the morphology and function of hepatocytes in sandwich group was better than that in EGF group（P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： Double collagen gel culture can keep hepatocyte＇s activities. Thawed hepatocytes can be cultivated with collagenous matrix, which provides an environment that more closely resembles that in vivo and maintain the expression of certain liver-specific function of hepatocytes.

Spin filtering in transition-metal phthalocyanine molecules from first principles

Using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory and the nonequilibrium Green＇s function formalism, we studied the spin transport through metal-phthalocyanine （MPc, M=Ni, Fe, Co, Mn, Cr） molecules connected to aurum nanowire electrodes. We found that the MnPc, FePc, and CrPc molecular devices exhibit a perfect spin filtering effect compared to CoPc and NiPc. Moreover, negative differential resistance appears in FePc molecular devices. The transmission coefficients at different bias voltages were further presented to understand this phenomenon. These results would be useful in designing devices for future nanotechnology.

Consumer willingness to pay for eco-labels in China:A choice experiment approach

The use of eco-labels has become increasingly popular in China.This study aims to understand whether Chinese consumers are willing to pay for eco-labels and how their willingness to pay(WTP)is determined.Although we find that Chinese consumers are willing to pay more for products that are labeled as having greater energy efficiency(Energy Efficiency Label)or as having been produced using more environmentally-friendly production processes(Environmental Label),some practices have significantly impaired the effectiveness of these labels,e.g.the burgeoning use of eco-labels has led to label confusion;public trust towards eco-labels.The policy implications are discussed in this study.

The dilemma for China’s national carbon trading market:minimizing carbon abatement costs or maximizing net social benefits?

After a decade of planning and trials,China officially launched a national carbon trading in July 2021.Using a standard economic model,this study shows that an unconstrained carbon trading market would face a dilemma between minimizing pollution control costs and maximizing social benefits.We further show that this would be a significant challenge in China.Our results show that areas with higher population densities also would have higher costs for carbon reduction,and hence the polluters in those areas would be net buyers in the national market.Moreover,our analysis indicates a significantly high correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and other local pollutants.Therefore,cross-regional transactions may result in more emission of other pollutants in areas with higher population density under the unconstrained national cap-and-trade system and cause larger losses in social benefits.We call for more studies to address the issue.