How do inundation provoke the release of phosphorus in soil-originated sediment due to nitrogen reduction after reclaiming lake from polder

Different N and P fractions inmicrocosm incubation experiment was measured using highresolution in-situ Peeper and DGT techniques combining with sequential extraction procedure.The results showed the synchronous desorption and release of PO_(4)^(3-),S^(2-)and Fe^(2+)from the solid soil-originated sediment.This trend indicated that the significant reduction of Fe-P and SO_(4)^(2-) occurred in the pore water during the inundation.The concentrations of PO_(4)^(3-) in the overlying water and pore water increased to more than 0.1 and 0.2 mg/L at the beginning of the incubation experiment.Decreased NO_(3)^(-) concentrations from more than 1.5 mg/L to less than 0.5 mg/L combining with increasing NH^(4+) concentrations from less than 1mg/L tomore than 5 mg/L suggested the remarkable NO_(3)-reduction via dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia(DNRA)pathway over time.High NH^(4+) concentrations in the pore water aggravated the release of Fe^(2+) through reduction of Fe(Ⅲ)-P as electric acceptors under anaerobic conditions.This process further stimulated the remarkable releasing of labile PO_(4)^(3-) from the solid phase to the solution and potential diffusion into overlying water.Additionally,high S^(2-) concentration at deeper layer indicated the reduction and releasing of S^(2-)from oxidation states,which can stimulated the NO_(3)^(-)reduction and the accumulation of NH^(4+)in the pore water.This process can also provoke the reduction of Fe-P as electric acceptors following the release of labile PO_(4)^(3-)into pore water.Generally,inundation potentially facilitate the desorption of labile P and attention should be paid during the reclaiming lake from polder.

Value of stereoelectroencephalography(SEEG)-guided radiofrequency thermocoagulation in treating drug-resistant focal epilepsy

Stereoelectroencephalography(SEEG)has been widely used in the presurgical evaluation of patients with medically intractable epilepsy.In the past,SEEG was commonly used as a method for mapping and localizing the epileptogenic zone(EZ).Since 2004,several studies have been conducted to examine the effectiveness of SEEG-guided radiofrequency thermocoagulation(RF-TC)in treating refractory epilepsy.However,the seizure-free and responder rates varied greatly across studies.We aimed to analyze the outcome of 56 patients who were treated with SEEG-guided RF-TC to evaluate the effectiveness of this treatment.SEEG-guided RF-TC can be considered as a treatment for refractory epilepsy.However,due to its limited efficacy,SEEG-guided RF-TC might be regarded as a temporary treatment performed under SEEG rather than a promising treatment for refractory epilepsy.

Preoperative evaluation and surgical strategy for epileptic spasms in children

Epileptic spasm(ES)is one of the most common types of seizures in children.It is primarily characterized by brief axial contractions lasting less than 2 s and recurring in short clusters.It usually occurs in children of 3 to 12 months of age,although it can also occur after the age of 1 year.In general,children with ES develop other symptoms of epilepsy,such as tonic,tonic-clonic,or focal seizures,after 3 to 5 years of age.ES in children is often damaging and usually results in developmental regression.First-line treatments for spasm seizures include adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)and vigabatrin.However,many patients fail to respond to these medications,and continued to have spasms associated with progressive neurodevelopmental degeneration.Therefore,it is important to consider whether children with drug resistance meet surgical indications to consider surgical treatment in such conditions.In this study,we reviewed and summarized the importance of preoperative evaluation in order to provide surgical options for treatment of children with ES.