退化高寒草地的近自然恢复:理论基础与技术途径

近几十年来,青藏高原高寒草地植被活动整体上趋于向好,但大部分草地仍然存在不同程度的退化,局部有恶化的态势.在青藏高原生态屏障保护与建设过程中,由于建植或改良的草地草种单一、优良乡土草种少,加之受高寒气候的限制,群落稳定性和可持续性不强,使得生态系统多功能性和多服务性往往难以完全恢复.因此,探索行之有效的可持续恢复模式迫在眉睫.本文提出了对青藏高原高寒草地实施近自然恢复(close-to-nature restoration)的理念,从生物多样性、生态系统多功能性和多服务性、生态系统稳定性的理论出发,结合青藏高原高寒生态系统的特点,论述了近自然恢复是退化高寒草地生态恢复的必然选择.据此,本文提出优良乡土草种扩繁、组配及其补播技术是高寒草地近自然恢复技术亟须解决的瓶颈,土壤养分及微生物调控相结合是“近自然恢复”技术的重要辅助措施.该理论与技术途径为青藏高原退化高寒草地生态系统恢复提供了一个基于自然的解决方案.

Seed germinating characteristics of 54 gramineous species in the alpine meadow on the eastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau

The germination experiment was started on March 3,2004,and seeds were collected from July to October in 2003.We analyzed the percentage of germination,days to first germination,germination period and days to 50%germination.Among the 54 examined species,26 species exceeded 80%germination,11 species exceeded 60%–80%germination,8 exceeded 40%–0%,5 exceeded 20%–40%,and 4 showed less than 20%.A principalcomponent analysis revealed that the species were distributed along two statistically independent axes,the first primarily represented the germination rate and the second represented the time of germination process.Based on scores of germination characteristics,cluster analysis of the 54 gramineous species could be divided into 4 distinct groups:rapid,slow,intermediate germinating(germination percentage>50%),and low germinating(germination percentage<50%).The meaning of different groups to the vegetation regeneration was discussed.

放牧对青藏高原高寒草地种子萌发性状选择的影响

以前的研究表明放牧能够引起草地生物与非生物环境的显著变化,但这种变化影响草地群落对种子萌发特征的选择机制尚不清楚。因此,我们旨在回答:放牧是否对草地群落中萌发特征的组成和多样性产生显著影响。我们在实验室检测了研究草地群落内主要物种种子的萌发特性,并比较了这些植物在放牧和非放牧草地上的表现。在此基础上,比较了放牧草地和非放牧草地的各萌发性状的群落加权平均值和萌发性状多样性,从而了解放牧草地和非放牧草地是否存在不同的萌发性状结构。研究结果表明,在物种水平上,放牧和非放牧草地各物种的多度变化与物种的萌发性状无显著关系。但在群落水平上,与非放牧草地相比,放牧草地的物种普遍具有较高的种子萌发率;放牧草地种子萌发对变温的正响应显著大于非放牧草地,而且放牧草地种子萌发温度生态位宽度小于非放牧草地。与非放牧草地相比,放牧草地种子萌发性状多样性增加,萌发性状均匀度降低。放牧可以改变微生境,从而通过环境过滤改变草地群落对萌发性状的选择,导致草地群落的萌发性状于放牧前后在群落水平上存 在显著差异。