Erosion as a natural process produces soils, which are very important natural resources for the fest land plant- and animal kingdoms. Loss of the soil cover reduces agricultural production, biodiversity, and the role ...Erosion as a natural process produces soils, which are very important natural resources for the fest land plant- and animal kingdoms. Loss of the soil cover reduces agricultural production, biodiversity, and the role of soil as a filter for infiltrating water to replenish the groundwater. It also threatens the food supplies. The knowledge of erosion rates of rocks and terrains is important for developing proactive measures to protect soils from erosion and loss. In this study, erosion rates of catchment areas were calculated based on dams’ catchment extensions and the sediment loads transported by flood flows into dams’ lakes. The study results show that the chemically, via floodwater, transported quantities of materials are negligible compared to the solid materials transported by the water. It calculates erosion rates ranging from 0.013 to 0.212 mm/yr (13 - 212 m/10<sup>6</sup> yr) for the different catchment areas. Erosion rates in Jordan are, generally, higher than those calculated for the different parts of the world ranging from 2.5 to 60 m/10<sup>6</sup> yr. This fact can be explained by the very steep topography, calcareous rock cover of the catchment areas and the barren rock exposures.展开更多
Jordan has,</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">to a satisfactory degree,</span><span style="font-family:"&quo...Jordan has,</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">to a satisfactory degree,</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">managed its scarce water resources, especially during the last few decades due to the regional conflicts and refugee waves hosted in the country since 1948.</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">The waves of refugees in 1967, and after), returnees from the Gulf States 1991/92, during the first Gulf war), Lebanon (1970s and 1980s), Iraq (2003 and after, and lastly Syria (2011-2017 have</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">as well</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">severely impacted the management of water resources which has negatively impacted the water sector especially in terms of allocating new water resources to satisfy the needs of the country. In addition, shortsightedness of some water policy-makers has led to the deteriorations in the water resources quantitatively and qualitatively, which has resulted in social and economic discomfort of the population. In this article, the shortcomings in the water sector are addressed, such as setting an end to groundwater overexploitation, providing water to the population in a continuous way, improving water use efficiency in agricultural uses and the way forward is</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">delineated</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">based on a critical judgment of the actual situation of the water sector in order to reach at a more robust water sector with all its</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">positive impacts on the social, economic and political life in the country.展开更多
文摘Erosion as a natural process produces soils, which are very important natural resources for the fest land plant- and animal kingdoms. Loss of the soil cover reduces agricultural production, biodiversity, and the role of soil as a filter for infiltrating water to replenish the groundwater. It also threatens the food supplies. The knowledge of erosion rates of rocks and terrains is important for developing proactive measures to protect soils from erosion and loss. In this study, erosion rates of catchment areas were calculated based on dams’ catchment extensions and the sediment loads transported by flood flows into dams’ lakes. The study results show that the chemically, via floodwater, transported quantities of materials are negligible compared to the solid materials transported by the water. It calculates erosion rates ranging from 0.013 to 0.212 mm/yr (13 - 212 m/10<sup>6</sup> yr) for the different catchment areas. Erosion rates in Jordan are, generally, higher than those calculated for the different parts of the world ranging from 2.5 to 60 m/10<sup>6</sup> yr. This fact can be explained by the very steep topography, calcareous rock cover of the catchment areas and the barren rock exposures.
文摘Jordan has,</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">to a satisfactory degree,</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">managed its scarce water resources, especially during the last few decades due to the regional conflicts and refugee waves hosted in the country since 1948.</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">The waves of refugees in 1967, and after), returnees from the Gulf States 1991/92, during the first Gulf war), Lebanon (1970s and 1980s), Iraq (2003 and after, and lastly Syria (2011-2017 have</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">as well</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">severely impacted the management of water resources which has negatively impacted the water sector especially in terms of allocating new water resources to satisfy the needs of the country. In addition, shortsightedness of some water policy-makers has led to the deteriorations in the water resources quantitatively and qualitatively, which has resulted in social and economic discomfort of the population. In this article, the shortcomings in the water sector are addressed, such as setting an end to groundwater overexploitation, providing water to the population in a continuous way, improving water use efficiency in agricultural uses and the way forward is</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">delineated</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">based on a critical judgment of the actual situation of the water sector in order to reach at a more robust water sector with all its</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:"">positive impacts on the social, economic and political life in the country.