Listening to Turkish classical music decreases patients’anxiety,pain,dissatisfaction and the dose of sedative and analgesic drugs during colonoscopy:A prospective randomized controlled trial

AIM： To determine whether listening to music decreases the requirement for dosages of sedative drugs, patients＇ anxiety, pain and dissatisfaction feelings during colonoscopy and makes the procedure more comfortable and acceptable. METHODS： Patients undergoing elective colonoscopy between October 2005 and February 2006 were randomized into either listening to music （Group 1, n = 30） or not listening to music （Group 2, n = 30）. Anxiolytic and analgesic drugs （intravenous midazolam and meperidine） were given according to the patients＇ demand. Administered medications were monitored. We determined their levels of anxiety using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Test form. Patients＇ satisfaction, pain, and willingness to undergo a repeated procedure were self-assessed using a visual analog scale. RESULTS： The mean dose of sedative and analgesic drugs used in group 1 （midazolam： 2.1 ± 1.4, meperidine： 18.1 ± 11.7） was smaller than group 2 （midazolam： 2.4 ± 1.0, meperidine： 20.6 ± 11.5）, but without a significant difference （P 〉 0.05）. The mean anxiety level in group 1 was lower than group 2 （36.7 ± 2.2 vs 251.0 ± 1.9, P 〈 0.001）. The mean satisfaction score was higher in group 1 compared to group 2 （87.8 ± 3.1 vs 58.1 ± 3.4, P 〈 0.001）. The mean pain score in group i was lower than group 2 （74.1 ± 4.7 vs 39.0 ± 3.9, P 〈 0.001）. CONCLUSION： Listening to music during colonoscopy helps reduce the dose of sedative medications, as well as patients＇ anxiety, pain, dissatisfaction during the procedure. Therefore, we believe that listening to music can play an adjunctive role to sedation in colonoscopy. It is a simple, inexpensive way to improve patients＇ comfort during the procedure.

Evaluating the safety of intracameral bevacizumab application using oxidative stress and apoptotic parameters in corneal tissue

·AIM: To investigate the possible effects of intracameral bevacizumab on oxidative stress parameters and apoptosis in corneal tissue.·METHODS: In total, 30 rats were assigned randomly into the following three groups of 10 rats each: a sham group(Group 1; n =10), a control group [Group 2;balanced salt solution(BSS) was administered at 0.01 m L;n =10], and a treatment group(Group 3; bevacizumab was administered at 0.25 mg/0.01 m L; n =10). The total antioxidant status(TAS) and the total oxidant status(TOS) in the corneal tissue and blood samples were measured, and the oxidative stress index(OSI) was calculated. Additionally, corneal tissue histopathology was evaluated for caspase-3 and 8 staining and apoptotic activity.·RESULTS: In the blood samples, the TAS, TOS, and OSI levels were not significantly different(all P 】0.05).Compared with the sham and control groups, the TOS and OSI levels in the corneal tissues were significantly different in the bevacizumab group(all P 【0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed between the sham and control groups(all P 】0.05).However, compared with the sham and control groups,greater immunohistochemical staining for caspases-3and 8 and an elevated level of apoptotic activity were observed in the bevacizumab group.·CONCLUSION: This study revealed that intracameral bevacizumab injections seemed to be systemically safe but may have elicited local toxic effects in the corneal tissue, as indicated by the oxidative stress parameters and histopathological evaluations.