Robust molecular detection of the new Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in infected tomato and pepper plants from Turkey

Tomato brown rugose fruit virus(ToBRFV)causes severe fruit loss in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)and pepper(Capsicum annuum)plants.It is an emerging Tobamovirus that is spreading globally.The major challenge is to develop a reliable method for the detection of the virus,and to better characterize the symptoms it causes.The aims of this study,therefore,were to characterize the symptom development on tomato and pepper plants,and to establish a reliable detection method for the virus.Following infection of the tomato and pepper plants with ToBRFV,the leaves turned chlorotic,mosaic or mottled,while the fruit became rugose,necrotic and marbled,and showed discoloration with yellow or brown spots.Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)revealed single rod-like virus particles characteristic of the Tobamoviruses.Classical reverse transcription PCR(RT-PCR)and quantitative PCR(qPCR)with specific primers and probes confirmed that the virus is ToBRFV.We found that the resistance genes from tomato,Tm-2^(2),and pepper,L1,L2,L3 and L4,did not confer resistance to ToBRFV.Here,we present a PCR-based method as a diagnostic test for detecting ToBRFV in infected seeds.This method will help to prevent further spread of the virus in commercial seeds.

WATER PERMEABILITY OF EXTERIOR WOOD COATINGS: WATERBORNE ACRYLATE DISPERSIONS FOR WINDOWS

Permeability of coatings for water and water vapor is an important factor in their wood protective function.In this study,the permeability of coatings in terms of liquid water and water vapor absorption and desorption was measured based on different parts of the standard EN 927.This study evaluated the permeability of commercial coating systems and ascertained effects of coating layering on the coating permeabil-ity.For this measurement,six different waterborne acrylate dispersions were used as paint on spruce test samples.The results clearly revealed that liquid water and water vapor uptake were affected by coating film thickness,number of coats,and coating composition(producer).It was ascertained that the type of coating pigmentation affected water absorption of coatings and that with a constant coating film thickness,the number of coats affected water vapor absorption and desorption,but not water absorption.Furthermore,it was observed that the number of coats affected the cor-relation between the coating film thickness and water vapor absorption and desorp-tion.The values for water vapor absorption were much higher than for liquid water absorption and,unlike the water vapor absorption rate,the water vapor desorption rate was approximately 50%lower.