Evaluation of photosynthesis, physiological, and biochemical responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. cv. Pirouz) under water deficit stress and use of vermicompost fertilizer

One goal in the face of drought stress conditions is to increase growth and yield through the reduction of negative effects of stress. Vermicompost can play an effective role in plant growth and development and in reducing harmful effects of various environmental stresses on plants due to its porous structure, high water storage capacity, having hormone-like substances, plant growth regulators, and high levels of macro and micro nutrients. This study considered the physiological, biochemical, and photosynthetic responses of the chickpea to different combinations of vermicompost and water stress in a greenhouse environment. Two factors were involved, addition of vermicompost to soil at four ratios： control （100 wt% （weight percentage） sol0; 10 wt% vermicompost＋90% soil; 20 wt% vermicompost＋80 wt% soil; 30 wt% vermicompost＋70 wt% soil weight percentage, and treatment of water stress at three levels including 75, 50, and 25% of field capacity. The results showed that vermicompost had a significant effect on all traits under stress and non-stress conditions. Application of vermicompost in soil, especially at the levels of 20 and 30 wt% significantly increased all studied traits under non-stress conditions. Under moderate stress conditions, vermicompost at 30 wt% treatment resulted in a significant increase in the photosynthetic pigments, CO2 assimilation rate, internal leaf CO2 concentration, transpiration, the maximal quantum yield of photosystem II （PSII） photochemistry （FJF）, concentrations of Ca and K in root and leaf tissues, proline and soluble protein contents in root tissues. Peroxidase （POX） and catalase （CAT） enzyme activities decreased significantly with increasing proportions of vermicompost, but the activity of superoxide dismutase was not significantly different. In conclusion, the above results showed that vermicompost fertilizer had a positive effect on physiological, biochemical, and photosynthetic responses of chickpea under non-stress and moderate stress conditions, but no positive effect was determined under severe water stress.

Effects of probiotic supplementation on abdominal pain severity in pediatric patients with irritable bowel syndrome:a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Background Probiotic supplementation has been used to alleviate abdominal pain in children and adolescents with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS),but the evidence is not compelling.Thus,a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials(RCTs)were performed to investigate the effects of probiotic supplementation on abdominal pain in pediatric patients with IBS.Methods PubMed/MEDLINE,Web of Science,Scopus,Cochrane Library,and Embase were the available databases searched to find relevant randomized clinical trials up to April 2021.The effect size was expressed as weighted mean differenee(WMD)and 95% confidence interval(CI).Results Seven RCTs with 441 participants were included,from which the meta-analysis demonstrated that probiotic supplementation has a significant effect on reducing abdominal pain in pediatric patients with IBS(WMD=-2.36:95%CI-4.12 to-0.60;P=0.009).Although our study involved children and adolescents(≤18 years),the effects of probiotic supplementation seem to be more potent in patients under 10 years old(WMD=-2.55;95%CI-2.84 to -2.27)compared to patients aged 10-18 years(WMD=-1.70;95%CI-2.18 to -1.22).The length of supplementation longer than four weeks was more effective(WMD=-2.43;95%CI-2.76 to -2.09).Conclusion Probiotic supplementation can reduce abdominal pain in pediatric patients with IBS.