充电负荷是计算研究电动汽车(electric vehicle,EV)对电网冲击和充电设施规划的基础。为此提出一种考虑电池健康状态(state of health,SOH)的充电需求计算方法。首先,利用EV出行链中与充电负荷相关的特征量的概率分布,实现单个EV用户出...充电负荷是计算研究电动汽车(electric vehicle,EV)对电网冲击和充电设施规划的基础。为此提出一种考虑电池健康状态(state of health,SOH)的充电需求计算方法。首先,利用EV出行链中与充电负荷相关的特征量的概率分布,实现单个EV用户出行行为的完整模拟。接着,基于电池健康状态修正EV实际容量和充电特征,并提出由用户里程焦虑系数修正用户下次出行后所允许的最小剩余SOC(state of charge,SOC)值,改进充电负荷计算模型。最后,基于美国家庭出行调查(national household travel survey,NHTS)数据的仿真表明,SOH影响EV用户出行的多个特征,EV规模越大,充电负荷计算越应考虑SOH。展开更多
Hydrothermal liquefaction of wheat straw in sub-critical water with ionic liquid was investigated in an autoclave. The product distribution at different temperatures and pressures was studied. The liquid oil and the r...Hydrothermal liquefaction of wheat straw in sub-critical water with ionic liquid was investigated in an autoclave. The product distribution at different temperatures and pressures was studied. The liquid oil and the residuals were tested by 1H NMR, FTIR and SEM techniques. The results indicated that under the same conditions, the oil yield from liquefaction of wheat straw in water/ethanol was higher than that in sub-critical water. The result also showed that under the investigated conditions, adding 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride([Bmim]Cl) could increase the total conversion and gas yield, while at the same time the yield of n-hexane insoluble fraction and the tetrahydrofuran soluble fraction was reduced. Moreover, the results also showed that upon adding [Bmim]Cl the contents of the aliphatic hydrogen and phenols in liquid oil also increased along with improved oil quality.展开更多
文摘充电负荷是计算研究电动汽车(electric vehicle,EV)对电网冲击和充电设施规划的基础。为此提出一种考虑电池健康状态(state of health,SOH)的充电需求计算方法。首先,利用EV出行链中与充电负荷相关的特征量的概率分布,实现单个EV用户出行行为的完整模拟。接着,基于电池健康状态修正EV实际容量和充电特征,并提出由用户里程焦虑系数修正用户下次出行后所允许的最小剩余SOC(state of charge,SOC)值,改进充电负荷计算模型。最后,基于美国家庭出行调查(national household travel survey,NHTS)数据的仿真表明,SOH影响EV用户出行的多个特征,EV规模越大,充电负荷计算越应考虑SOH。
基金the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education for new teachers of China(20091404120002)the Shanxi Province Science Foundation for Youths of China(2011021008-1)the Soft Science Program of Shanxi Province(2011041015-01)
文摘Hydrothermal liquefaction of wheat straw in sub-critical water with ionic liquid was investigated in an autoclave. The product distribution at different temperatures and pressures was studied. The liquid oil and the residuals were tested by 1H NMR, FTIR and SEM techniques. The results indicated that under the same conditions, the oil yield from liquefaction of wheat straw in water/ethanol was higher than that in sub-critical water. The result also showed that under the investigated conditions, adding 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride([Bmim]Cl) could increase the total conversion and gas yield, while at the same time the yield of n-hexane insoluble fraction and the tetrahydrofuran soluble fraction was reduced. Moreover, the results also showed that upon adding [Bmim]Cl the contents of the aliphatic hydrogen and phenols in liquid oil also increased along with improved oil quality.