Temporal and Spatial Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 Aerosols in a Large-Scale Fangcang Shelter Hospital in Shanghai,China

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic caused by frequently mutating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has had a worldwide impact.However,detailed data on the potential aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in real-world and controlled laboratory settings remain sparse.During the COVID-19 pandemic in Shanghai,China in 2022,samples were collected in a Fangcang shelter hospital,a large-scale temporary hospital rapidly built by converting the existing National Exhibition and Convention Center(Shanghai)into a health care facility.Aerosol samples at different sites and intervals around patients and in public areas,surface samples,and pharyngeal swab samples from corresponding patients were included.Samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)assays,followed by sequencing if the cycle threshold(Ct)value was<30.The positivity rate for SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol samples was high in contaminated zones(37.5%,104/277),especially around the bed(41.2%,68/165)and near ventilation inlets(45.2%,14/31).The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 around the bed,public areas,and air inlets of exhaust vents fluctuated and was closely related to the positivity rate among patients at corresponding sampling sites.Some surface samples of different personal protective equipment from medical staff had high positivity rates.Sixty sequences of joined ORF1ab and spike genes obtained from sixty samples represented two main clusters of Omicron SARS-CoV-2.There was consistency in virus sequences from the same patient and their environment,and the detected virus sequences matched those of virus strains in circulation during the collection periods,which indicated a high likelihood of cross-contamination in the Fangcang shelter hospital.In summary,the results provide a quantitative and real landscape of the aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and a patient-centered view of contamination in large and enclosed spaces and offer a useful guide for taking targeted measures to avoid nosocomial infections during the management of SARS-CoV-2 or other respiratory virus diseases in a Fangcang shelter hospital.

汽油压燃发动机中燃烧化学动力学特性的模拟

利用PRF70掺混燃料作为汽油表征燃料进行仿真研究,将三维计算软件CONVERGE和Chemkin结合,研究了汽油压燃燃烧反应过程的主要放热反应并对其进行了相关的化学反应路径分析。结果表明:在汽油压燃燃烧反应过程中,不同反应对总放热率的贡献不同,由HCO+O_2CO+HO_2、CH2O+OHHCO+H2O、CH2CCH2OH+O_2CH2OH+CO+CH2O是燃料燃烧过程中对放热贡献最大的3个反应,其放出的热量远大于其他反应;汽油压燃燃烧反应过程中参与夺氢反应的自由基主要有4种,分别是HO_2、OH、H、O,在不同曲轴转角处上述4种自由基参与夺氢反应的重要性不同,HO_2夺氢反应所占比例始终领先其他3种,H、O参与的夺氢反应所占比例随曲轴转角的增加而增加,相应的OH参与夺氢反应所占比例减少;汽油压燃燃烧反应过程中,随着曲轴转角的变化,缸内温度升高,异辛烷发生高温裂解的比例增加。

KCNJ11及SDF-1β的基因多态性与2型糖尿病及糖尿病视网膜病变发生的相关性研究

目的评价KCNJ11基因的rs5219序列及SDF-1β基因的rs1801157序列的隐性模型、显性模型或者附加模型与2型糖尿病及糖尿病视网膜病变的发生是否存在相关性。方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法对2016年5月—2018年5月于遵义医科大学第三附属医院眼科就诊的2型糖尿病患者230例(糖尿病组)及230例同期入院体检健康人群(对照组)的上述基因位点及基因型进行分析比较。结果rs5219及rs1801157序列的显性模型及附加模型与糖尿病相关,隐性模型与糖尿病无关。在230例糖尿病患者中,98例患者患有糖尿病视网膜病变。进一步的基因多态性分析发现,rs5219序列的显性模型及rs1801157序列的显性模型和附加模型均与糖尿病视网膜病变的发生风险显著相关。结论KCNJ11基因的rs5219序列及SDF-1β基因的rs1801157序列基因多态性与糖尿病及其视网膜并发症发生相关。

考虑智轨列车行驶时间不确定性的接运公交设计研究

为改善以智能轨道快运(Autonomous-rail Rapid Transit, ART)系统为骨干的城市公共交通系统的运输服务水平,本文研究考虑ART列车行驶时间不确定性的接运公交设计问题。首先,考虑出行需求,基于ART站点及城市公交站点的空间关系选定备选接运公交站点,其次,考虑ART列车不确定的行驶时间,以乘客出行成本最小为目标,接运公交连通性、车队规模及发车频率等为约束,构建模型用于设计接运公交的线路及发车间隔。最后,选用粒子群算法实现模型的求解。以宜宾智轨T1线为例的研究表明,本文所提出的方案能够显著提升乘客出行效率,相较于无接运公交情况,乘客的期望出行成本节省了9.8%。

化学药品注射剂的灭菌或无菌工艺现行要求及考虑

化学药品注射剂是临床上应用较广的一类无菌药品,鉴于其较高的安全性风险,确保注射剂的无菌性尤为关键。结合中国、美国和欧盟对注射剂的无菌保障监管及药品生产质量管理规范(GMP)指南的现行要求,进一步探讨化学药品注射剂的灭菌或无菌工艺控制。目前,我国化学药品注射剂的灭菌或无菌工艺选择要求与欧美国家基本一致,美国和欧盟对于湿热灭菌注射药品已实施参数放行。通过阐述注射剂灭菌或无菌工艺的评估及研究,为制药企业化学药品注射剂无菌保障控制策略及无菌风险管控的不断完善提供参考,以更好地提高注射剂的无菌保障。

Classification of the Gut Microbiota of Patients in Intensive Care Units During Development of Sepsis and Septic Shock

The gut microbiota of intensive care unit(ICU)patients displays extreme dysbiosis associated with increased susceptibility to organ failure,sepsis,and septic shock.However,such dysbiosis is difficult to characterize owing to the high dimensional complexity of the gut microbiota.We tested whether the concept of enterotype can be applied to the gut microbiota of ICU patients to describe the dysbiosis.We collected 131 fecal samples from 64 ICU patients diagnosed with sepsis or septic shock and performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing to dissect their gut microbiota compositions.During the development of sepsis or septic shock and during various medical treatments,the ICU patients always exhibited two dysbiotic microbiota patterns,or ICU-enterotypes,which could not be explained by host properties such as age,sex,and body mass index,or external stressors such as infection site and antibiotic use.ICU-enterotype I(ICU E1)comprised predominantly Bacteroides and an unclassified genus of Enterobacteriaceae,while ICU-enterotype II(ICU E2)comprised predominantly Enterococcus.Among more critically ill patients with Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II(APACHE II)scores>18,septic shock was more likely to occur with ICU E1(P=0.041).Additionally,ICU E1 was correlated with high serum lactate levels(P=0.007).Therefore,different patterns of dysbiosis were correlated with different clinical outcomes,suggesting that ICU-enterotypes should be diagnosed as independent clinical indices.Thus,the microbial-based human index classifier we propose is precise and effective for timely monitoring of ICU-enterotypes of individual patients.This work is a first step toward precision medicine for septic patients based on their gut microbiota profiles.

Variation of the Vaginal Microbiome During and After Pregnancy in Chinese Women

A comprehensive profiling of the vaginal microbial communities and their variability enables an accurate description of the microbiome in women.However,there is a lack of studies available on Chinese women.In the present study,the composition of the vaginal microbiota during pregnancy and the 6-week postpartum period of 454 Chinese women was characterized by sequencing the V3-V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA(rRNA)gene.The vaginal microbiome showed variations during pregnancy and the postpartum period based on the abortion history,hypertensive disorders,delivery mode,and maternal age.Co-variation of 22 bacterial taxa,including the Lactobacillus genus and two of its species,may account for the common characteristics of the vaginal microbiome under scenarios of different medical histories and pregnancy outcomes.In contrast,discriminant bacterial species were significantly different between women who had preterm birth(PTB)with and without premature rupture of membranes(PROM),and the community state type(CST)IV-A without any predominant Lactobacillus species in the microbiota was more prevalent during pregnancy in the PROM-PTB cases,suggesting that specific bacterial species could be considered to distinguish between different types of PTB.By providing data on Chinese women,this study will enrich the knowledge of the human microbiome and contribute to a better understanding of the association between the vaginal microbiome and reproductive health.

基于“互联网＋”的分布式光伏发电监控系统设计

设计了基于"互联网+"的分布式光伏发电监控系统,包括数据采集、数据传输和数据显示3个层次,由终端传感器采集数据,再由协调器、网关、云平台和手机APP进行传输,通过手机进行显示。终端传感器与协调器采用ZigBee技术实现内组网,协调器通过串口将数据传输到网关,再由网关将数据上传到云平台。运行编写的APP软件,手机可获取并显示光伏发电系统运行信息。实验结果表明,本基于"互联网+"分布式光伏发电监控系统,可以实时高效地监控光伏发电系统的运行情况。

A novel mosquito-borne reassortant orbivirus isolated from Xishuangbanna,China

Dear Editor,The genus Orbivirus,within the family Reoviridae,includes 22 virus species(King et al.,2011).They are distributed globally,but are particularly prevalent in Europe,Asia,and Africa.In addition,they can be transmitted by ticks or other hematophagous insect vectors,including Culicoides,mosquitoes,and sandflies(Belaga-

Convergent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in human and animals

Recently,many SARS-CoV-2 variants including 501Y.V1,501Y.V2 and 501Y.V3 were detected in different regions(Table S1)and drew great attention from all over the world.The 501Y.V1 was firstly isolated in the United Kingdom(UK)(Davies et al.,2020)and featured with 7 substitutions including N501Y as well as 3 deletions in S protein.This variant was identified to increase the viral transmissibility by 56%in comparison with the preexisting strains.Days after this report,another SARS-CoV-2 variant(501Y.V2)featured with N501Y,K417N and E484K substitutions in S protein was supposed to rapidly outcompete the preexisting strains(Tegally et al.,2020)in South Africa.Besides,the 501Y.V3 variant was initially detected in Brazil and has caused rapidly increased infections with SNPs N501Y,K417T and E484K.Of them,N501Y,K417N/T and E484K are of particular interest because the N501Y was shared in all three variants and the K417N/T and E484K were detected simultaneous appeared with N501Y in 501Y.V2 and 501Y.V3.

Clinical effect and antiviral mechanism of T-705 in treating severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome(SFTS)virus(SFTSV)is an emerging tick-borne virus with high fatality and an expanding endemic.Currently,effective anti-SFTSV intervention remains unavailable.Favipiravir(T-705)was recently reported to show in vitro and in animal model antiviral efficacy against SFTSV.Here,we conducted a single-blind,randomized controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of T-705 in treating SFTS(Chinese Clinical Trial Registry website,number ChiCTR1900023350).From May to August 2018,laboratory-confirmed SFTS patients were recruited from a designated hospital and randomly assigned to receive oral T-705 in combination with supportive care or supportive care only.Fatal outcome occurred in 9.5%(7/74)of T-705 treated patients and 18.3%(13/71)of controls(odds ratio,0.466,95%Cl,0.174-1.247).Cox regression showed a significant reduction in case fatality rate(CFR)with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.366(95%Cl,0.142-0.944).Among the low-viral load subgroup(RT-PCR cycle threshold>26),T-705 treatment significantly reduced CFR from 11.5 to 1.6%(P=0.029),while no between-arm difference was observed in the high-viral load subgroup(RT-PCR cycle threshold<26).The T-705-treated group showed shorter viral clearance,lower incidence of hemorrhagic signs,and faster recovery of laboratory abnormities compared with the controls.The in vitro and animal experiments demonstrated that the antiviral efficacies of T-705 were proportionally induced by SFTSV mutation rates,particularly from two transition mutation types.The mutation analyses on T-705-treated serum samples disclosed a partially consistent mutagenesis pattern as those of the in vitro or animal experiments in reducing the SFTSV viral loads,further supporting the anti-SFTSV effect of T-705,especially for the low-viral loads.

A novel glasses-free virtual reality rehabilitation system on improving upper limb motor function among patients with stroke:A feasibility pilot study

Background:Virtual reality(VR)technology is increasingly used in stroke rehabilitation.This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of using the glasses-free VR training to improve motor function of upper limb in patients with stroke.Methods:Twelve patients with stroke were recruited to participate in the intervention of 3 weeks.At the baseline and post intervention,two times of evaluation including Fugl-Meyer upper-extremity scale(FMS-UE),transcranial magnetic stimulation(TMS)measurement and motion evaluation were performed.Results:No significant difference was observed between two groups at baseline evaluation.After the intervention,the FMS-UE scores presented a greater improvement in the VR group compared with the control group.TMS measurement showed that there was significant difference in cortex latency and central motor conduction time between two groups after the intervention,but no significant difference in the amplitude of motor event potential was observed.In addition,there was a significant correlation between game scores and FMS-UE scores.Conclusions:The novel glasses-free VR training was at least as effective as conventional occupational therapy in upper limb motor function,improving nerve conduction time and corticospinal excitability in patient with stroke.

Complementary doping of van der Waals materials through controlled intercalation for monolithically integrated electronics

Doping control has been a key challenge for electronic applications of van der Waals materials.Here,we demonstrate complementary doping of black phosphorus using controlled ionic intercalation to achieve monolithic building elements.We characterize the anisotropic electrical transport as a function of ion concentrations and report a widely tunable resistivity up to three orders of magnitude with characteristic concentration dependence corresponding to phase transitions during intercalation.As a further step,we develop both p-type and n-type field effect transistors as well as electrical diodes with high device stability and performance.In addition,enhanced charge mobility from 380 to 820 cm^2/(V·s)with the intercalation process is observed and explained as the suppressed neutral impurity scattering based on our ab initio calculations.Our study provides a unique approach to atomically control the electrical properties of van der Waals materials,and may open up new opportunities in developing advanced electronics and physics platforms.

Synergistic Effect of Phosphite with Fullerene C_(60) and Fullerenol C_(60)(OH)_(24) as Antioxidants in Polypropylene

Polypropylene samples with fullerene C60, fullerenol C60（OH）24, 1010, C60/168, C60-OH/168 and 1010/168 as antioxidants were prepared by extrusions. MFR, YI, TGA and OIT of all the samples were tested. According to the results of MFR, during the melt extrusion, fullerene showed excellent stability effect on PP. The antioxidative ability of fullerene was comparable to the traditional antioxidant 1010. The antioxidative ability of fullerenol was not significant in the first extrusion and it accelerated the degradation of PP in the second and the third extrusions. TGA and OIT tests showed that the stability effects of fullerene and fullerenol were slightly lower than antioxidant 1010. In the first time, antioxidant 168 was reported to show great synergistic effects with fullerene and fullerenol as antioxidants, which sussested a simple way to enhance the antioxidative abilities of fullerene and fullerenol.

无位置传感器无刷直流电机控制系统的研究与设计

分析了无刷直流电机的工作原理,研究了根据电机端电压进行反电势过零点检测,进而获得无刷直流电机转子换相位置的方法,阐述了无位置传感器无刷直流电机的三段式启动方法。设计了基于PIC单片机的无刷直流电机控制系统硬件电路和软件程序,对所设计的无刷直流电机控制系统进行了实验验证,实验结果表明,无位置传感器无刷直流电机控制系统可以顺利启动,启动后可获得准确的转子换相位置,稳定可靠地运行。

Identification and Molecular Characterization of a New Omono River Virus Isolated from Culex Tritaeniorhynchus in Yunnan, China

Dear Editor,The family Totiviridae contains non-enveloped,doublestranded RNA viruses with genomes of approximately 4.6–7 kbp in length.These totiviruses are classified into five genera:Totivirus,Victorivirus,Trichomonasvirus,Giardiavirus,and Leishmaniavirus(Nibert 2007).They are associated with latent infections of fungal or protozoan hosts(Li et al.2020).Recently,a few totiviruses have been identified and shown to have unexpected host distributions,including insects,plants.

Intra-host Ebola viral adaption during human infection

The onsite next generation sequencing(NGS)of Ebola virus(EBOV)genomes during the 2013–2016 Ebola epidemic in Western Africa provides an opportunity to trace the origin,transmission,and evolution of this virus.Herein,we have diagnosed a cohort of EBOV patients in Sierra Leone in 2015,during the late phase of the outbreak.The surviving EBOV patients had a recovery process characterized by decreasing viremia,fever,and biochemical parameters.EBOV genomes sequenced through the longitudinal blood samples of these patients showed dynamic intra-host substitutions of the virus during acute infection,including the previously described short stretches of 13 serial TNC mutations.Remarkably,within individual patients,samples collected during the early phase of infection possessed Ts at these nucleotide sites,whereas they were replaced by Cs in samples collected in the later phase,suggesting that these short stretches of TNC mutations could emerge independently.In addition,up to a total of 35 nucleotide sites spanning the EBOV genome were mutated coincidently.Our study showed the dynamic intra-host adaptation of EBOV during patient recovery and gave more insight into the complex EBOV-host interactions.

边界可切除胰腺癌新辅助治疗的机遇与挑战

胰腺癌在腹部常见恶性肿瘤中预后最差,根治性手术切除是唯一可能治愈的方法。然而,越来越多的研究结果证实新辅助治疗能改善边界可切除胰腺癌(BRPC)的预后。目前,BRPC的主要治疗方式是新辅助治疗后手术切除肿瘤。全文就BRPC新辅助治疗的发展历程、理论基础、化疗方案、疗效评估及手术时机等方面进行综述。

In silico assessment of the impact of 2019 novel coronavirus genomic variation on the efficiency of published real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction detection assays

To the Editor:In December 2019,coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)happened in Wuhan,China.Now,it has posed a worldwide public health threat.Real-time quanti-tative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)was recom-mended as an effective pathogen detection method and has played an important role in prevention and control of the current outbreak.Many research institutions have released their primer sets for RT-qPCR.If the variant sites were located in the primer regions,the efficiency of RT-qPCR would be reduced,thus possibly causing false negative results,and leading to unpredictable impact on the diagnosis of patients and the control of this outbreak.Therefore,a comprehensive investigation on 2019-nCoV genome variation is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of current released RT-qPCR methods.

A highly immunogenic live-attenuated vaccine candidate prevents SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in hamsters

The highly pathogenic and readily transmissible SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global coronavirus pandemic,urgently requiring effective countermeasures against its rapid expansion.All available vaccine platforms are being used to generate safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines.Here,we generated a live-attenuated candidate vaccine strain by serial passaging of a SARSCoV-2 clinical isolate in Vero cells.