Gene expression profiles in early leaf of rice(Oryza sativa)and foxtail millet(Setaria italica)

Plant anatomy is patterned early during leaf development which suggests studying the spatial–temporal transcriptomes of primordia will help identify critical regulative and functional genes.We successfully isolated the leaf primordia tissues from the C3grass rice and the C4grass foxtail millet by laser capture microdissection(LCM)and studied the gene expression throughout leaf developmental stages.Our data analysis uncovered the conserved expression patterns of certain gene clusters both in rice and foxtail millet during leaf development.We revealed genes and transcription factors involved in vein formation,stomatal development,and suberin accumulation.We identified 79 candidate genes associated with functional regulation of C4anatomy formation.Screening phenotype of the candidate genes revealed that knock-out of a putative polar auxin transport related gene NAL1 resulted significantly reduced veinal space in rice leaf.Our present work provides a foundation for future analyses of genes with novel functions in grasses and their role in leaf development,in particular the role in leaves with a contrasting C3vs.C4biosynthetic pathway.

Study of the spatial growth of stimulated Brillouin scattering in a gas-filled hohlraum via detecting the driven ion acoustic wave

In an experiment performed on the Shenguang-III prototype laser facility, collective Thomson scattering (TS) is used to study the spatialgrowth of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in a gas-filled hohlraum by detecting the SBS-driven ion acoustic wave. High-quality timeresolved SBS and TS spectra are obtained simultaneously in the experiment, and these are analyzed by a steady-state code based on theray-tracing model. The analysis indicates that ion–ion collisions may play an important role in suppressing SBS growth in the Au plasma;as aresult, the SBS excited in the filled gas region is dominant. In the early phase of the laser pulse, SBS originates primarily from the high-densityplasma at the edges of the interaction beam channel, which is piled up by the heating of the interaction beam. Throughout the duration of thelaser pulse, the presence of the TS probe beam might mitigate SBS by perturbing the density distribution around the region overlapping withthe interaction beam.

Temporal dynamic changes of connexin 43 expression in C6 cells following lipopolysaccharide stimulation

Connexin 43, a gap junction protein, is expressed mainly in glia in the central nervous system. Neuroinflammation plays an important role in central nervous system injury. Changes to glial connexin 43 levels and neuroinflammation may trigger brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases To illustrate the relationship between connexin 43 and neuroinflammation, this study investigated how connexin 43 expression levels change in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rat C6 glioma cells. C6 cells were treated with 0.05, 0.25, 0.5, 1,2.5 and 5 IJg/mL lipopolysaccharide for 24 hours. The nitrite estimation-detected nitric oxide release level was elevated substantially after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. To test the transcriptional level changes of inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-a and connexin 43 mRNA, C6 cells were treated with 5 pg/mL lipopolysaccharide for 3 48 hours. Reverse transcription-PCR showed that the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-a mRNA increased over time, but connexin 43 mRNA levels increased in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated C6 cells at 3 and 6 hours, and then decreased from 12 to 48 hours. Connexin 43 protein expression was detected by immunofluorescence staining, and the protein levels matched the mRNA expression levels. These results suggest that connexin 43 expression is biphasic in lipopo^ysacchadde-induced neuroinflammation in C6 cells, which may be correlated with the connexin 43 compensatory mechanism.

The effects of incident light wavelength difference on the collective stimulated Brillouin scattering in plasmas

The first laser–plasma interaction experiment using lasers of eight beams grouped into one octad has been conducted on the Shenguang Octopus facility.Although each beam intensity is below its individual threshold for stimulated Brillouin backscattering(SBS),collective behaviors are excited to enhance the octad SBS.In particular,when two-color/cone lasers with wavelength separation 0.3 nm are used,the backward SBS reflectivities show novel behavior in which beams of longer wavelength achieve higher SBS gain.This property of SBS can be attributed to the rotation of the wave vectors of common ion acoustic waves due to the competition of detunings between geometrical angle and wavelength separation.This mechanism is confirmed using massively parallel supercomputer simulations with the three-dimensional laser–plasma interaction code LAP3D.

Evaluating the necessity of autumn irrigation on salinized soil by considering changes in soil physicochemical properties

Dear Editor,Soil salinization is one of the main forms of global soil degradation,which seriously threatens food security production (Liu et al.,2022).Proper irrigation is the main management measure to control soil salinization (Aragüés et al.,2015;Machado and Serralheiro,2017).For example,in Hetao Irrigation District in Inner Mongolia of northwestern China,the effects of irrigation,seasonal freezing-thawing,and evaporation have led to serious soil salinization problems.Since the 1980s,autumn irrigation (AI) has typically been implemented widely in Hetao Irrigation District before soil freezing (Li et al.,2010;Lu et al.,2019),to leach the salts accumulated on the surface and maintain sufficient soil moisture to create a suitable environment for the next spring sowing.

数字电路阈值故障测试生成算法（英文）

提出一种有效的数字电路故障阈值故障测试生成算法。首先构造出数字电路的阈值测试模型,通过这个模型可以区分出可接受故障和不可接受故障,然后使用成熟的固定故障测试生成算法得到不可接受故障的测试生成矢量。在ISCAS’85和ISCAS’89电路上的实验结果表明:该算法的故障覆盖率能达到96%,故障测试生成时间少于0. 019 s。

Photodynamic therapy guidelines for the management of oral leucoplakia

With recent developments in photosensitizers and light delivery systems,topical 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) has become the fourth alternative therapeutic approach in the management of oral leucoplakia (OLK) due to its minimally invasive nature,efficacy,and low risk of systemic side effects and disfigurement.This report presents step-by-step guidelines for applying topical ALA-PDT in the management of OLK based on both the clinical experience of the authors and a systematic review of the current literature.Studies using protocols with standardized parameters and randomized clinical trials at multiple centres with adequate sample sizes and both interim and long-term follow-ups are needed before universally applicable guidelines can be produced in this field.

Derivation of Cloud-Free-Region Atmospheric Motion Vectors from FY-2E Thermal Infrared Imagery

The operational cloud-motion tracking technique fails to retrieve atmospheric motion vectors （AMVs） in areas lacking cloud; and while water vapor shown in water vapor imagery can be used, the heights assigned to the retrieved AMVs are mostly in the upper troposphere. As the noise-equivalent temperature difference （NEdT） performance of FY-2E split win- dow （10.3-11.5 μm, 11.6-12.8 μm） channels has been improved, the weak signals representing the spatial texture of water vapor and aerosols in cloud-free areas can be strengthened with algorithms based on the difference principle, and applied in calculating AMVs in the lower troposphere. This paper is a preliminary summary for this purpose, in which the principles and algorithm schemes for the temporal difference, split window difference and second-order difference （SD） methods are introduced. Results from simulation and cases experiments are reported in order to verify and evaluate the methods, based on comparison among retrievals and the ＂truth＂. The results show that all three algorithms, though not perfect in some cases, generally work well. Moreover, the SD method appears to be the best in suppressing the surface temperature influence and clarifying the spatial texture of water vapor and aerosols. The accuracy with respect to NCEP 800 hPa reanalysis data was found to be acceptable, as compared with the accuracy of the cloud motion vectors.

Progress in optical Thomson scattering diagnostics for ICF gas-filled hohlraums

Optical Thomson scattering(OTS)diagnostics have been continuously developed on a series of large laser facilities for inertial confinement fusion(ICF)research in China.We review recent progress in the use of OTS diagnostics to study the internal plasma conditions of ICF gas-filled hohlraums.We establish the predictive capability for experiments by calculating the time-resolved Thomson scattering spectra based on the 2D radiation-hydrodynamic code LARED,and we explore the fitting method for the measured spectra.A typical experiment with a simplified cylindrical hohlraum is conducted on a 10 kJ-level laser facility,and the plasma evolution around the laser entrance hole is analyzed.The dynamic effects of the blast wave from the covering membrane and the convergence of shocks on the hohlraum axis are observed,and the experimental results agree well with those of simulations.Another typical experiment with an octahedral spherical hohlraum is conducted on a 100 kJ-level laser facility,and the plasma evolution at the hohlraum center is analyzed.A discrepancy appears between experiment and simulation as the electron temperature rises,indicating the occurrence of nonlocal thermal conduction.

Noble metal-like behavior of plasmonic Bi particles deposited on reduced TiO2 microspheres for efficient full solar spectrum photocatalytic oxygen evolution

Herein, novel plasmonic Bi metal in situ deposited in reduced Ti O2 microspheres(Bi@R-Ti O2) are fabricated via a bimetallic MOF-derived synthesized strategy by adjusting the synthesizing temperature. Different characterization techniques, including XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, DRS, PL, EIS, and photocurrent generation, are performed to investigate the structural and optical properties of the as-prepared samples. The results indicate that the Bi particles are generated inside and outside of reduced Ti O2 microspheres via the reduction of Ti4+ and Bi3+ by ethylene glycol. When the annealing temperature is controlled at 300 o C, the corresponding Bi@R-Ti O2-300 sample with an appropriate amount of Bi nanoparticles exhibits the highest full solar spectrum photocatalytic oxygen evolution activity(4728.709 μmol h–1 g–1), which is 5.9 and 9.5 times higher than that of pure Ti O2 and Bi-Ti bimetal organic frameworks(Bi-Ti-MOFs). Several reasons are suggested for the above results:(1) Bi metal behaves as an "electron acceptor" to accelerate the charge carrier transfer from Ti O2 to Bi;(2) The surface plasmon resonance effect of loaded metallic Bi particles can enhance the visible and NIR light absorption capacity;(3) The generation of Ti3+ further narrows the band gap of TiO2.

Microstructure and high-temperature wear properties of in situ TiC composite coatings by plasma transferred arc surface alloying on gray cast iron

In this work, an in situ synthesized TiC-reinforced metal matrix composite （MMC） coating of approximately 350-400μm thickness was fabricated on a gray cast iron （GCI） substrate by plasma transferred arc （PTA） surface alloying of Ti-Fe alloy powder. Microhard- ness tests showed that the surface hardness increased approximately four-fold after the alloying treatment. The microstructure of the MMC coating was mainly composed of residual austenite, acicular martensite, and eutectic ledeburite. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction analyzes revealed that the in situ TiC particles, which were formed by direct reaction of Ti with carbon originally contained in the GCI, was uniformly distributed at the boundary of residual anstenite in the alloying zone. Pin-on-disc high-temperature wear tests were performed on samples both with and without the MMC coating at room temperature and at elevated temperatures （473 K and 623 K）, and the wear behavior and mechanism were investigated. The results showed that, after the PTA alloying treatment, the wear resistance of the sam- ples improved significantly. On the basis of our analysis of the composite coatings by optical microscopy, SEM with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and microhardness measurements, we attributed this improvement of wear resistance to the transformation of the microstruc- ture and to the presence of TiC particles.

The influence of heterogeneity on the analysis of sleep-wake architecture in the single-prolonged stress rats

Objective: To observe the influence of heterogeneity on sleep-wake architecture in single-prolonged stress(SPS) animal model. Methods: SPS rats were subdivided into low responders(LR) and high responders(HR) based on their freezing responses to a novel environment. Sleeping time(ST), awakening numbers(AN), brief awakening numbers(b AN) and frequency distribution of sleep bouts were used as observing indicators, single factor variance analysis combined with Dunnett t test were used to compare the differences between control, exposure, LR and HR groups. Results: We found sleeping time was increased only in HR group. Moreover, awakening numbers and brief awakening number increased in exposure group and HR group during the light phase, but not in LR group. The number of sleep bouts for the ranges of 40-80 s increased obviously in HR group, but not in exposure and LR group. In addition, there were significant correlation between sleep-related parameters and freezing in HR group, but not in LR group. Conclusion: Heterogeneity existed in SPS model in view of different sleep-wake architectures of SPS rats. Rats in HR group exactly mimicked the freezing response and sleep disorders of PTSD. So HR rats were more appropriate to be used as PTSD-like models, especially when studying sleep disorder in PTSD.

Review of Cladiucha Konow(Hymenoptera:Tenthredinidae)with description of a new species from China

The genus Cladiucha Konow,1902 is reviewed.The generic characters are redescribed based on new material.A new species of this genus is described from Yunnan,China:C.punctata Wei sp.nov.,and a key to species is also provided.

Nitrite-catalyzed economic and sustainable bromocyclization of tryptamines/tryptophols to access hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indoles/tetrahydrofuroindolines in batch and flow

A highly efficient and concise bromocyclization has been successfully achieved,in which tryptamine/tryptophol derivates can be transformed to valuable HPI/TFI scaffolds with economic and green manners.Moreover,a controllable cascade transformation of bromocyclization and aromatic bromination has also been smoothly achieved to form dibrominated HPIs and TFIs.Production could be successfully scaled up under both the batch process and a continuous flow fashion.The most remarkable peculiarity of our process over all previous methods is that the generated water is the major waste.Notably,successful application of this new protocol has been demonstrated by the pharmaceutical and natural products syntheses.

Pr-Tb synergistic strengthening on coercivity of Nd-Ce-Fe-B magnets grain boundary diffused with Pr-Tb-Al-Ga alloys

Sintered Nd-Ce-Fe-B magnets were grain boundary diffused(GBDed) with Pr_(x)Tb_(80-x)Al_(10)Ga_(10)(at%)(x=0,20,40,60,80) alloys.The effect of Pr/Tb content in diffusion source on magnetic properties,microstructure and elements distribution of GBDed magnets was investigated.When Pr is used to substitute for 75% Tb in diffusion source,Tb consumption per unit coercivity improvement of GBDed magnet reduces by 77%,compared with the Tb_(80)Al_(10)Ga_(10) diffused magnet.Tb element diffuses into magnets and then forms Tb-rich shell with high magneto-crystalline anisotropy field surrounding main phase grains,resulting in substantial coercivity improvement.Pr with low melting point diffuses deeply along liquid grain boundary phase during GBD process.It can eliminate some sharp defects of main phase grains and make grain boundaries smooth,which provides diffusion channels for further diffusion of Tb element.Therefore,there are more diffusion channels for Tb and less Tb enriched at surface region,making Tb diffuse more deeply and improving Tb utilization efficiency.This method significantly improves the coercivity,and realizes the green,efficient and high-quality utilization of heavy rare earth(HRE)elements.

Sonoafterglow luminescence for in vivo deep-tissue imaging

Optical imaging is a key technique to study the pathological process and disease diagnosis,but there is still a great challenge to achieve highly sensitive in vivo deep-tissue imaging.Serious interferences from the intrinsic autofluorescence and light scattering and re-absorption are typically observed in biological tissues,which severely impair target signal sensing and acquisition.To address the above issues,using of afterglow luminescence for imaging has been proposed.Due to its long lifetime,the images can be collected after ceasing the excitation,thus could eliminate the autofluorescence.However,the current afterglow luminescence still requires photoexcitation(mainly ultraviolet or visible light),the penetration depth of which is still limited for deeptissue imaging.

Fog-computing based mobility and resource management for resilient mobile networks

Mobile networks are facing unprecedented challenges due to the traits of large scale,heterogeneity,and high mobility.Fortunately,the emergence of fog computing offers surprisingly perfect solutions considering the features of consumer proximity,wide-spread geographical distribution,and elastic resource sharing.In this paper,we propose a novel mobile networking framework based on fog computing which outperforms others in resilience.Our scheme is constituted of two parts:the personalized customization mobility management(MM)and the market-driven resource management(RM).The former provides a dynamically customized MM framework for any specific mobile node to optimize the handoff performance according to its traffic and mobility traits;the latter makes room for economic tussles to find out the competitive service providers offering a high level of service quality at sound prices.Synergistically,our proposed MM and RM schemes can holistically support a full-fledged resilient mobile network,which has been practically corroborated by numerical experiments。

早产儿脑白质损伤的危险因素分析

目的以脑室内出血(intraventricular hemorrhage,IVH)为重点研究早产儿脑白质损伤(white matter damage,WMD)的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2022年6月至2023年6月山西省儿童医院新生儿重症监护病房收治的639例早产儿的临床资料,根据头颅MRI结果将患儿分为WMD组(145例)和对照组(494例),采用单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析探讨早产儿发生WMD的危险因素。结果两组之间性别、胎龄、宫内窘迫、剖宫产、生后窒息、1 min Apgar评分、脐动脉pH值、母亲年龄、怀孕次数、试管婴儿、妊娠期高血压、妊娠期糖尿病、胎膜早破、急性绒毛膜羊膜炎比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。WMD组与对照组比较,出生体重[(1571±611)g比(1438±489)g,t=-2.393]、脐动脉碱剩余[-5.9(-8.2,-3.9)mmol/L比-5.3(-7.2,-3.5)mmol/L,Z=-2.538]、脐动脉乳酸[3.7(2.4,5.3)mmol/L比2.8(2.0,4.1)mmol/L,Z=-4.607]、败血症(28.5%比15.6%,χ^(2)=12.280)、动脉导管未闭(82.6%比74.7%,χ^(2)=3.911)、低碳酸血症(57.2%比45.0%,χ^(2)=6.696)、有创通气(75.9%比53.0%,χ^(2)=24.010)、多胎妊娠(19.3%比30.6%,χ^(2)=7.111)、产前使用糖皮质激素(51.0%比61.9%,χ^(2)=5.451)、最低PaCO_(2)[(28.4±6.7)mmHg比(31.4±8.0)mmHg,t=4.471]的差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。两组间IVH的分布差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=40.015,P<0.01),多重比较显示WMD组Ⅲ-Ⅳ级IVH的占比高于对照组(P<0.05)。多因素分析显示脐动脉乳酸、Ⅲ-Ⅳ级IVH、败血症和有创通气是早产儿发生WMD的主要危险因素,其OR值(95%CI)分别为1.121(1.023,1.228),11.435(3.925,33.314),1.758(1.064,2.904),1.640(1.004,2.680)。而多胎妊娠是早产儿发生WMD的保护因素,OR值(95%CI)为0.587(0.358,0.962)。结论脐动脉乳酸、Ⅲ-Ⅳ级IVH、败血症和有创通气是早产儿发生WMD的独立危险因素。

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides for post-silicon electronics

Rapid advancements in information technology push the explosive growth in data volume,requiring greater computing-capability logic circuits.However,conventional computing-capability improving technology,which mainly relies on increasing transistor number,encounters a significant challenge due to the weak field-effect characteristics of bulk siliconbased semiconductors.Still,the ultra-thin layered bodies of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides(2D-TMDCs)materials enable excellent field-effect characteristics and multiple gate control ports,facilitating the integration of the functions of multiple transistors into one.Generally,the computing-capability improvement of the transistor cell in logic circuits will greatly alleviate the challenge in transistor numbers.In other words,one can only use a small number,or even just one,2DTMDCs-based transistors to conduct the sophisticated logic operations that have to be realized by using many traditional transistors.In this review,from material selection,device structure optimization,and circuit architecture design,we discuss the developments,challenges,and prospects for 2D-TMDCs-based logic circuits.

循环载荷作用下粗糙界面的力-热-电接触行为

循环载荷对粗糙界面接触刚度、热阻以及电阻的影响机制是评估复杂工程结构界面性能需解决的关键问题.如何表征接触过程随机性,并揭示界面不同物理量耦合机制,从而预测界面性能(接触刚度、热阻和电阻)演化规律是极具挑战的问题.本文提出了一种随机接触过程概率表征方法,并基于此建立了界面力-热-电接触理论模型来描述循环载荷下粗糙界面接触行为,揭示了循环载荷对界面刚度、隔热能力和导电能力影响机制,为复杂工程结构界面性能评估和寿命预测提供了理论参考。