The detached clay particles directly filtrated through the sand-clay mixture lead to suffusion;however,if the detached clay particles are subjected to reattachment,the degree of suffusion may be less significant.This ...The detached clay particles directly filtrated through the sand-clay mixture lead to suffusion;however,if the detached clay particles are subjected to reattachment,the degree of suffusion may be less significant.This study investigates the impact of clay particle reattachment on suffusion of sand-clay mixtures through laboratory soil-column experiments.The observed breakthrough curves(BTCs)of kaolinite,illite,and montmorillonite for 5 different column lengths(3 in,6 in,9 in,12 in,and 18 in;1 in=2.54 cm)indicated that a higher breakthrough concentration was observed as the column length(L)decreased for kaolinite and illite,whereas a reverse trend was observed for montmorillonite.In addition,the increase in the fraction of filtrated clay particles(Me)with an increase in L(Me=10.42%for L=3 in and Me=3.59%for L=18 in)for the sand-illite mixture indicated that the reattachment effect became more significant as the travel length of detached clay particles increased.The observed BTCs,retention profiles after injection,and fraction of filtrated clay presented herein suggest the need to incorporate the reattachment effect when assessing the suffusion of clay-containing soils.展开更多
The thermal conductivity and viscosity of bentonite grouts have been evaluated and compared each other to determine the suitability of these materials for backfilling vertical boreholes of ground heat exchangers.Seven...The thermal conductivity and viscosity of bentonite grouts have been evaluated and compared each other to determine the suitability of these materials for backfilling vertical boreholes of ground heat exchangers.Seven bentonite grouts from different product sources were considered in this paper.Two additives,silica sand and graphite were added in bentonite grouts to enhance thermal performance.The bentonite grouts indicate that both the thermal conductivity and the viscosity increase with the content of silica sand and graphite.Therefore,it is recommended to select cautiously the amount of silica sand and graphite considering not only thermal conductivity but also viscosity for the optimum condition of backfilling.Finally,the effect of salinity in the pore water on the change of swelling potential of the bentonite-based grouts has been quantitatively evaluated to show the feasibility of bentonite grouts in the coastal area.展开更多
The applicability of cement grout (or cement-based grout) has been considered as an alternative to bentonite grout commonly used to backfill closed-loop vertical ground heat exchangers. In a geothermal heat pump syste...The applicability of cement grout (or cement-based grout) has been considered as an alternative to bentonite grout commonly used to backfill closed-loop vertical ground heat exchangers. In a geothermal heat pump system, repeated heating-cooling cycles may cause adverse effects on the integrity of cement grout in the ground heat exchanger. To account for the temperature cycling effect, the strength degradation of cement grout due to temperature cycling has been examined by measuring the unconfined compression strength of cured specimens in a humidity-temperature controlling chamber with applying temperature cycles between 5°C and 50°C. There is a tendency that the unconfined compression strength decreases with an increase in the number of temperature cycles. On the other hand, an equivalent hydraulic conductivity of a pipe-embedded cement grout specimen was evaluated by carrying out a modified flexible wall permeameter test equipped with a water circulating system to control temperature inside the pipe section. The applied operating temperature range was from 5 to 35°C. After three cycles of heating-cooling circulation, the equivalent hydraulic conductivity becomes asymptotic to a constant value, which implies there is no severe detachment of the pipe from the cement grout.展开更多
A series of numerical analyses has been performed on the characteristics of heat transfer in a closed-loop vertical ground heat exchanger(U-loop).A 2-D finite element analysis was conducted to evaluate the temperature...A series of numerical analyses has been performed on the characteristics of heat transfer in a closed-loop vertical ground heat exchanger(U-loop).A 2-D finite element analysis was conducted to evaluate the temperature distribution over the cross section of the U-loop system involving high-density polyethylene(HDPE) pipe/grout/soil to compare the sectional efficiency between the conventional U-loop and a new latticed HDPE pipe system,which is equipped with a thermally insulating lattice in order to reduce thermal interference between the inlet and outlet pipes.In addition,a 3-D finite volume analysis(FLUENT) was adopted to simulate the operation of the closed-loop vertical ground heat exchanger with the consideration of the effect of a distance between the inlet and outlet pipes,grout's thermal properties,the effectiveness of the latticed HDPE pipe system,and the rate of circulation pump.It was observed that the thermal interference between the two strands of U-loop is of importance in enhancing efficiency of the ground heat exchanger.Consequently,it is recommended to modify the configuration of the conventional U-loop system by equipping the thermally insulating lattice between the two pipe strands.展开更多
基金supported by National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grants funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(Grant.Nos.2019R1A2C2086647 and 2022R1C1C1007296).
文摘The detached clay particles directly filtrated through the sand-clay mixture lead to suffusion;however,if the detached clay particles are subjected to reattachment,the degree of suffusion may be less significant.This study investigates the impact of clay particle reattachment on suffusion of sand-clay mixtures through laboratory soil-column experiments.The observed breakthrough curves(BTCs)of kaolinite,illite,and montmorillonite for 5 different column lengths(3 in,6 in,9 in,12 in,and 18 in;1 in=2.54 cm)indicated that a higher breakthrough concentration was observed as the column length(L)decreased for kaolinite and illite,whereas a reverse trend was observed for montmorillonite.In addition,the increase in the fraction of filtrated clay particles(Me)with an increase in L(Me=10.42%for L=3 in and Me=3.59%for L=18 in)for the sand-illite mixture indicated that the reattachment effect became more significant as the travel length of detached clay particles increased.The observed BTCs,retention profiles after injection,and fraction of filtrated clay presented herein suggest the need to incorporate the reattachment effect when assessing the suffusion of clay-containing soils.
基金supported by a Korea University Grant and by Construction Technology Innovation Program (Grant No.06CTIPD04) from KICTEP,the Ministry of Land,Transport and Maritime Affairs of Korea
文摘The thermal conductivity and viscosity of bentonite grouts have been evaluated and compared each other to determine the suitability of these materials for backfilling vertical boreholes of ground heat exchangers.Seven bentonite grouts from different product sources were considered in this paper.Two additives,silica sand and graphite were added in bentonite grouts to enhance thermal performance.The bentonite grouts indicate that both the thermal conductivity and the viscosity increase with the content of silica sand and graphite.Therefore,it is recommended to select cautiously the amount of silica sand and graphite considering not only thermal conductivity but also viscosity for the optimum condition of backfilling.Finally,the effect of salinity in the pore water on the change of swelling potential of the bentonite-based grouts has been quantitatively evaluated to show the feasibility of bentonite grouts in the coastal area.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research and Development Program of the Center of New and Renewable Energy of the Ministry of Knowledge and Economy (Grant No. 2008-N-GE08-R-01)the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (Grant No. 2010-0011159)
文摘The applicability of cement grout (or cement-based grout) has been considered as an alternative to bentonite grout commonly used to backfill closed-loop vertical ground heat exchangers. In a geothermal heat pump system, repeated heating-cooling cycles may cause adverse effects on the integrity of cement grout in the ground heat exchanger. To account for the temperature cycling effect, the strength degradation of cement grout due to temperature cycling has been examined by measuring the unconfined compression strength of cured specimens in a humidity-temperature controlling chamber with applying temperature cycles between 5°C and 50°C. There is a tendency that the unconfined compression strength decreases with an increase in the number of temperature cycles. On the other hand, an equivalent hydraulic conductivity of a pipe-embedded cement grout specimen was evaluated by carrying out a modified flexible wall permeameter test equipped with a water circulating system to control temperature inside the pipe section. The applied operating temperature range was from 5 to 35°C. After three cycles of heating-cooling circulation, the equivalent hydraulic conductivity becomes asymptotic to a constant value, which implies there is no severe detachment of the pipe from the cement grout.
基金supported partially by the Construction Technology Innovation Program (Grant No.06CTIPD04) of Korea Institute of Construction and Transportation Technology Evaluation and Planning of the Ministry of Land,TransportMaritime Affair and partially by the Fundamental Research and Development Program (Grant No.2008-N-GE08-R-01) of the Center of New and Renewable Energy of the Ministry of Knowledge and Economy of Korea
文摘A series of numerical analyses has been performed on the characteristics of heat transfer in a closed-loop vertical ground heat exchanger(U-loop).A 2-D finite element analysis was conducted to evaluate the temperature distribution over the cross section of the U-loop system involving high-density polyethylene(HDPE) pipe/grout/soil to compare the sectional efficiency between the conventional U-loop and a new latticed HDPE pipe system,which is equipped with a thermally insulating lattice in order to reduce thermal interference between the inlet and outlet pipes.In addition,a 3-D finite volume analysis(FLUENT) was adopted to simulate the operation of the closed-loop vertical ground heat exchanger with the consideration of the effect of a distance between the inlet and outlet pipes,grout's thermal properties,the effectiveness of the latticed HDPE pipe system,and the rate of circulation pump.It was observed that the thermal interference between the two strands of U-loop is of importance in enhancing efficiency of the ground heat exchanger.Consequently,it is recommended to modify the configuration of the conventional U-loop system by equipping the thermally insulating lattice between the two pipe strands.
