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规范和裁判
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作者 黄寒(译) 《法律方法》 2023年第1期120-134,共15页
传统二分法区分规范导向的裁判和目的导向的裁判不适宜分析裁判的所有方面,三分法更有利于认识和处理规范。裁判者处理规范时存在三种典型方法,即目的性方法、形式主义方法和价值判断方法。三种典型的规范类型,即技术建议、严格规则和... 传统二分法区分规范导向的裁判和目的导向的裁判不适宜分析裁判的所有方面,三分法更有利于认识和处理规范。裁判者处理规范时存在三种典型方法,即目的性方法、形式主义方法和价值判断方法。三种典型的规范类型,即技术建议、严格规则和指导准则会导向这三种方法。选择目的性方法受到“技术建议”的影响,形式主义方法立基于“严格规则”之上,价值判断方法受“指导准则”的制约。但是,三种规范和三种方法并非一一对应关系。影响裁判者选择不同方法的因素有两类,一类与一般社会环境和裁判者个人的特征相关,如社会期待、专业训练和洞察力;另一类与更具体的裁判情境相关,如案件数量、裁判者对裁判后果的利益和受影响方的利益。 展开更多
关键词 目的性方法 形式主义方法 价值判断方法 严格规则 指导准则
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BUSINESS ENTERPRISES AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION ACT IN NORWAY
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作者 hans petter graver 《Frontiers of Law in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities》 2017年第1期3-23,共21页
Making market operators responsible for having and giving access to information about their impact on the environment is an important part of changing the way the economy operates in relation to environmental sustaina... Making market operators responsible for having and giving access to information about their impact on the environment is an important part of changing the way the economy operates in relation to environmental sustainability. To this end, the Norwegian access to environmental information act has established a right for the public to access to environmental information from private entities such as business enterprises. In this point, the Norwegian Act goes further than international rules, such as the Aarhus Convention, and also further than any other national legislation. This article presents the rules on access to information from business enterprises, and presents and discusses examples from the implementation of these rules. 展开更多
关键词 Aarhus Convention access to information corporate social responsibility environmental information responsible business
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