Seasonal variation of evapotranspiration,Priestley-Taylor coefficient and crop coefficient in diverse landscapes

Priestley-Taylor equation(PT)and the Penman-Monteith equation(PM)are commonly used methods for regional evapotranspiration monitoring,using the PT coefficient(α_(a))and PM crop/vegetation coefficient(K_(c)).This paper investigates the seasonal changes inα_(a)and K_(c)at five sites in Australia and China,to understand the relation-ship between environmental conditions and evapotranspiration when applying different evaporation estimation methods.The research shows that higher actual evapotranspiration does not lead to higherα_(a)and K_(c)values.α_(a)and K_(c)perform similarly in cropland and forest environments in both China and Australia.Bothα_(a)and K_(c)continuously increase to a peak during the growing season and then decrease to their lowest values during the winter season.Considering K_(c)’s similar performance toα_(a)and its greater data processing requirements,K_(c)has few advantages for estimating regional evapotranspiration.Applying the Priestley-Taylor equation with a regional𝛼indicator will enhance the accuracy and reduce the workload when estimating regional evapotranspiration for similar landcover types based on remote sensing.

Decision-Making Process of International Undergraduate Students: An Exploratory Narrative Inquiry into Reflections of Chinese Students in Canada

Purpose:This research is an exploratory narrative inquiry into reflections of three Chinese international undergraduate students in a Canadian university,University S,which reveals participants’entire decision-making processes as potential international undergraduate students.Design/Approach/Methods:A two-dimensional analytical framework has been constructed.One dimension is based on three phases of the entire decision-making process:the phases of deciding whether or not to study abroad,selecting destination countries,and choosing target institutions.The second dimension is based on three kinds of hypothetically proposed environmental factors within each phase:policy factors,(family and regional)socioeconomic factors,and information factors.First-hand data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted based on the analytical framework.Findings:This article suggests that both policymakers in the source country(i.e.,China)and university administrators in the destination country(i.e.,Canada)should further support potential international undergraduate students during each phase of their decision-making processes,particularly through optimizing information supply channels.Originality/Value:This article has the potential to construct a new theoretical framework as a supplement for analyzing the entire decision-making process of potential international students.As a pilot study,it provides a template for further investigations.

Higher Education Development and Student Mobility During Crises: From a Comparative and Historical Perspective

Introduction While the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease(COVID-19)has caused a global crisis,it is necessary for various sections including the highly internationalized higher education system to repredict their respective development trends.As been proposed by Popper(1957),“the influence of a prediction upon the predicted event(i.e.,the‘Oedipus effect’)”can hardly be avoided(p.11).Researchers in social sciences therefore should adopt a cautious attitude and choose an appropriate methodology while proposing their anticipations during social crises.It seems obvious that conducting historical analysis and making comparisons among similar situations(in both modern and premodern history)often help to understand existing challenges.According to the history,higher education has never been an ivory tower isolated from social crises.