Time-varying road network design for urban hazmat transportation

Hazmat transportation in cities faces significant risks that may cause catastrophic losses to humans.From the perspective of the regulator,the main responsibility is to mitigate hazmat transport risk by determining the availability of road networks to hazmat carriers.Based on the time-variant population distribution,the hazmat transport risk was assessed via the total population exposure associated with the resident and variable populations at different times.We propose a risk-minimizing urban hazmat road network design model for multiple types of hazmats,considering time-varying traffic.The model was applied to a realistic case study of hazmat transportation in a densely populated urban area with complex traffic in Shanghai,China.

Metabolomics of ginger based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry technology

Objectives:Dried ginger and ginger are the same type of medicine and food.The differential components of ginger and dried ginger,dried ginger and ginger charcoal were investigated.Materials and Methods:The experimental materials were divided into three sample groups:the ginger group,dried ginger group,and ginger charcoal group.The ginger group,dried ginger group,and ginger charcoal group were qualitatively analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.The data were processed by Marker View Software.Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-square discriminant analysis were performed with SIMCA 13.0 Software.The differential components of the ginger and dried ginger groups as well as the dried ginger and ginger charcoal groups with a variable importance in the projection>2(P<0.05)were identified with PeakView 1.2 Software.Results:Ten differential components,including 6-gingerol,8-gingerol,and 10-gingerol,were identified between the ginger group and dried ginger group;13 differential components,including 6-shogaol,10-gingerol,and zingiberone,were identified between the dried ginger group and ginger charcoal group.Conclusions:The main differential components between the ginger and dried ginger groups and the dried ginger and ginger charcoal groups were gingerols and diphenylheptanes.Based on metabolomics analysis of the chemical composition of ginger’s medicinal materials,effects,and other related factors,it is recommended that 6-gingerol,6-shogaol,and zingiberone should be used as indicative components for the respective quality evaluation of ginger,dried ginger and ginger charcoal.The results of this study may provide a basis for the reasonable quality evaluation of ginger medicinal materials.