Coke behavior with H_(2)O in a hydrogen-enriched blast furnace:A review

Hydrogen-enriched blast furnace ironmaking has become an essential route to reduce CO_(2)emissions in the ironmaking process.However,hydrogen-enriched reduction produces large amounts of H_(2)O,which places new demands on coke quality in a blast furnace.In a hydrogen-rich blast furnace,the presence of H_(2)O promotes the solution loss reaction.This result improves the reactivity of coke,which is 20%-30%higher in a pure H_(2)O atmosphere than in a pure CO_(2)atmosphere.The activation energy range is 110-300 kJ/mol between coke and CO_(2)and 80-170 kJ/mol between coke and H_(2)O.CO_(2)and H_(2)O are shown to have different effects on coke degradation mechanisms.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the effect of H_(2)O on the structure and properties of coke.By exploring the interactions between H_(2)O and coke,several unresolved issues in the field requiring further research were identified.This review aims to provide valuable insights into coke behavior in hydrogen-rich environments and promote the further development of hydrogen-rich blast furnace ironmaking processes.

Efficacy and Safety of Second-line Treatments in Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Sorafenib Failure:A Meta-analysis

Background and Aims:In the last decade,several second-line therapies followed by sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)have been reported.But the outcomes were different from each other.This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the second-line therapies followed by sorafenib in patients with advanced HCC.Methods:Embase(1974 to October 2019)and Ovid MEDLINE(1946 to October 2019)were searched for randomized clinical trials on second-line therapies followed by sorafenib in patients with advanced HCC.The quality of each study was assessed by the modified Jadad scale.Statistical analysis was carried out by RevMan5.3 software.Efficacy and safety were analyzed.Efficacy included overall survival(OS),disease control rate,time to progression,and progression-free survival.Results:Eight studies involving 3,173 patients were eligible.No difference in OS was found between the second-line treatment group and the control group(HR=0.87,95%CI:0.74-1.01,p=0.06).Disease control rate(relative risk(RR)=1.36,95%CI:1.16-1.60,p=0.0002),time to progression(HR=0.64,95%CI:0.51-0.81,p=0.0002)and progression-free survival(HR=0.60,95%CI:0.46-0.77,p<0.0001)were significantly improved by the second-line therapies.There was a slight difference in adverse events of any grade(RR=1.07,95%CI:1.00-1.14,p=0.03)between the two groups.Conclusions:These second-line therapies followed by sorafenib may potentially improve the prognosis in patients with advanced HCC.Compared with other second-line therapies,regorafenib seemed to be more effective.