Objective and Impact Statement.Simultaneous imaging of ultrasound and optical contrasts can help map structural,functional,and molecular biomarkers inside living subjects with high spatial resolution.There is a need t...Objective and Impact Statement.Simultaneous imaging of ultrasound and optical contrasts can help map structural,functional,and molecular biomarkers inside living subjects with high spatial resolution.There is a need to develop a platform to facilitate this multimodal imaging capability to improve diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.Introduction.Currently,combining ultrasound,photoacoustic,and optical imaging modalities is challenging because conventional ultrasound transducer arrays are optically opaque.As a result,complex geometries are used to coalign both optical and ultrasound waves in the same field of view.Methods.One elegant solution is to make the ultrasound transducer transparent to light.Here,we demonstrate a novel transparent ultrasound transducer(TUT)linear array fabricated using a transparent lithium niobate piezoelectric material for real-time multimodal imaging.Results.The TUT-array consists of 64 elements and centered at~6 MHz frequency.We demonstrate a quad-mode ultrasound,Doppler ultrasound,photoacoustic,and fluorescence imaging in real-time using the TUT-array directly coupled to the tissue mimicking phantoms.Conclusion.The TUT-array successfully showed a multimodal imaging capability and has potential applications in diagnosing cancer,neurological,and vascular diseases,including image-guided endoscopy and wearable imaging.展开更多
In the case of on-line action role-playing game, the combat strategies can be divided into three distinct classes, Strategy of Motion(SM), Strategy of Attacking Occasion (SAO) and Strategy of Using Skill (SUS). In thi...In the case of on-line action role-playing game, the combat strategies can be divided into three distinct classes, Strategy of Motion(SM), Strategy of Attacking Occasion (SAO) and Strategy of Using Skill (SUS). In this paper, we analyze such strategies of a basic game model in which the combat is modeled by the discrete competitive Markov decision process. By introducing the chase model and the combat assistant technology, we identify the optimal SM and the optimal SAO, successfully. Also, we propose an evolutionary framework, including integration with competitive coevolution and cooperative coevolution, to search the optimal SUS pair which is regarded as the Nash equilibrium point of the strategy space. Moreover, some experiments are made to demonstrate that the proposed framework has the ability to find the optimal SUS pair. Furthermore, from the results, it is shown that using cooperative coevolutionary algorithm is much more efficient than using simple evolutionary algorithm.展开更多
In on-line role-playing games (RPG), each race holds some attributes and skills. Each skill contains several abilities such as physical damage, hit rate, etc. Parts of the attributes and all the abilities are a functi...In on-line role-playing games (RPG), each race holds some attributes and skills. Each skill contains several abilities such as physical damage, hit rate, etc. Parts of the attributes and all the abilities are a function of the character’s level, which are called Ability-Increasing Functions (AIFs). A well-balanced on-line RPG is characterized by having a set of well-balanced AIFs. In this paper, we propose an evolutionary design method, including integration with an improved Probabilistic Incremental Program Evolution (PIPE) and a Cooperative Coevolutionary Algorithm (CCEA), for on-line RPGs to maintain the game balance. Moreover, we construct a simplest turn-based game model and perform a series of experiments based on it. The results indicate that the proposed method is able to obtain a set of well-balanced AIFs efficiently. They also show that in this case the CCEA outperforms the simple genetic algorithm, and that the capability of PIPE has been significantly improved through the improvement work.展开更多
This is the first of the two papers devoted to the study of global regularity of the 3+1 dimensional Einstein-Klein-Gordon system with a U(1)×R isometry group.In this first part,the authors reduce the Cauchy prob...This is the first of the two papers devoted to the study of global regularity of the 3+1 dimensional Einstein-Klein-Gordon system with a U(1)×R isometry group.In this first part,the authors reduce the Cauchy problem of the Einstein-Klein-Gordon system to a 2+1 dimensional system.Then,the authors will give energy estimates and construct the null coordinate system,under which the authors finally show that the first possible singularity can only occur at the axis.展开更多
基金funded by the Penn State Cancer Institute—Highmark Seed Grant (SRK)College of Engineering Multidisciplinary Grant,and Grace Woodward Grant (SRK).
文摘Objective and Impact Statement.Simultaneous imaging of ultrasound and optical contrasts can help map structural,functional,and molecular biomarkers inside living subjects with high spatial resolution.There is a need to develop a platform to facilitate this multimodal imaging capability to improve diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.Introduction.Currently,combining ultrasound,photoacoustic,and optical imaging modalities is challenging because conventional ultrasound transducer arrays are optically opaque.As a result,complex geometries are used to coalign both optical and ultrasound waves in the same field of view.Methods.One elegant solution is to make the ultrasound transducer transparent to light.Here,we demonstrate a novel transparent ultrasound transducer(TUT)linear array fabricated using a transparent lithium niobate piezoelectric material for real-time multimodal imaging.Results.The TUT-array consists of 64 elements and centered at~6 MHz frequency.We demonstrate a quad-mode ultrasound,Doppler ultrasound,photoacoustic,and fluorescence imaging in real-time using the TUT-array directly coupled to the tissue mimicking phantoms.Conclusion.The TUT-array successfully showed a multimodal imaging capability and has potential applications in diagnosing cancer,neurological,and vascular diseases,including image-guided endoscopy and wearable imaging.
文摘In the case of on-line action role-playing game, the combat strategies can be divided into three distinct classes, Strategy of Motion(SM), Strategy of Attacking Occasion (SAO) and Strategy of Using Skill (SUS). In this paper, we analyze such strategies of a basic game model in which the combat is modeled by the discrete competitive Markov decision process. By introducing the chase model and the combat assistant technology, we identify the optimal SM and the optimal SAO, successfully. Also, we propose an evolutionary framework, including integration with competitive coevolution and cooperative coevolution, to search the optimal SUS pair which is regarded as the Nash equilibrium point of the strategy space. Moreover, some experiments are made to demonstrate that the proposed framework has the ability to find the optimal SUS pair. Furthermore, from the results, it is shown that using cooperative coevolutionary algorithm is much more efficient than using simple evolutionary algorithm.
文摘In on-line role-playing games (RPG), each race holds some attributes and skills. Each skill contains several abilities such as physical damage, hit rate, etc. Parts of the attributes and all the abilities are a function of the character’s level, which are called Ability-Increasing Functions (AIFs). A well-balanced on-line RPG is characterized by having a set of well-balanced AIFs. In this paper, we propose an evolutionary design method, including integration with an improved Probabilistic Incremental Program Evolution (PIPE) and a Cooperative Coevolutionary Algorithm (CCEA), for on-line RPGs to maintain the game balance. Moreover, we construct a simplest turn-based game model and perform a series of experiments based on it. The results indicate that the proposed method is able to obtain a set of well-balanced AIFs efficiently. They also show that in this case the CCEA outperforms the simple genetic algorithm, and that the capability of PIPE has been significantly improved through the improvement work.
基金supported by the Key Laboratory of Mathematics for Nonlinear Sciences(Fudan University),the Ministry of Education of ChinaShanghai Key Laboratory for Contemporary Applied Mathematics,School of Mathematical Sciences+5 种基金Fudan Universitythe National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.114210611172661111726612)973 Program(No.2013CB834100)111 Project。
文摘This is the first of the two papers devoted to the study of global regularity of the 3+1 dimensional Einstein-Klein-Gordon system with a U(1)×R isometry group.In this first part,the authors reduce the Cauchy problem of the Einstein-Klein-Gordon system to a 2+1 dimensional system.Then,the authors will give energy estimates and construct the null coordinate system,under which the authors finally show that the first possible singularity can only occur at the axis.
