Comparative pharmacokinetics of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate in rat plasma and extracellular fluid of brain after intranasal,intragastric and intravenous administration

The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of tetramethylpyrazine phosphate(TMPP)in plasma and extracellular fluid of the cerebral cortex of rats via three delivery routes:intranasal(i.n.),intragastric(i.g.)and intravenous(i.v.)administration.After i.n.,i.g.and i.v.administration of a single-dose at 10 mg/kg,cerebral cortex dialysates and plasma samples drawn from the carotid artery were collected at timed intervals.The concentration of TMPP in the samples was analyzed by HPLC.The area under the concentration-time curve(AUC)and the ratio of the AUCbrain to the AUCplasma(drug targeting efficiency,DTE)was calculated to evaluate the brain targeting efficiency of the drug via these different routes of administration.After i.n.administration,TMPP was rapidly absorbed to reach its peak plasma concentration within 5 min and showed a delayed uptake into cerebral cortex(t_(max)=15 min).The ratio of the AUCbrain dialysates value between i.n.route and i.v.injection was 0.68,which was greater than that obtained after i.g.administration(0.43).The systemic bioavailability obtained with i.n.administration was greater than that obtained by the i.g.route(86.33%vs.50.39%),whereas the DTE of the nasal route was 78.89%,close to that of oral administration(85.69%).These results indicate that TMPP is rapidly absorbed from the nasal mucosa into the systemic circulation,and then crosses the blood-brain barrier(BBB)to reach the cerebral cortex.Intranasal administration of TMPP could be a promising alternative to intravenous and oral approaches.

Comprehensive Approach to Assessment of Liver Viability During Normothermic Machine Perfusion

Liver transplantation is the most effective treatment of advanced liver disease,and the use of extended criteria donor organs has broadened the source of available livers.Although normothermic machine perfusion(NMP)has become a useful tool in liver transplantation,there are no consistent criteria that can be used to evaluate the viability of livers during NMP.This review summarizes the criteria,indicators,and methods used to evaluate liver viability during NMP.The shape,appearance,and hemodynamics of the liver can be analyzed at a macroscopic level,while markers of liver injury,indicators of liver and bile duct function,and other relevant indicators can be evaluated by biochemical analysis.The liver can also be assessed by tissue biopsy at the microscopic level.Novel methods for assessment of liver viability are introduced.The limitations of evaluating liver viability during NMP are discussed and suggestions for future clinical practice are provided.

孤独症谱系障碍重复刻板行为的测量与机制

重复刻板行为是孤独症谱系障碍患者的核心症状之一,《精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第5版)》(diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders,5th Edition,DSM-V)对重复刻板行为进行了分类,并更新了对重复刻板行为的诊断标准.目前针对孤独症群体的研究多关注患者的社会性损伤,对重复刻板行为的关注较少,重复刻板行为的发生机制也尚不明确.本文基于DSM-V,简要介绍了孤独症重复刻板行为的最新定义和分类,总结了测量孤独症重复刻板行为的传统和新手段,介绍了重复刻板行为发生的神经生理机制、认知机制及其他影响因素,并基于研究现状提出了针对重复刻板行为的未来研究方向.

Recent Developments of FNET/GridEye—A Situational Awareness Tool for Smart Grid

Wide-area monitoring systems(WAMS)are becoming increasingly vital for enhancing power grid operators’situational awareness capabilities.As a pilot WAMS that was initially deployed in 2003,the frequency monitoring network FNET/GridEye uses GPS-time-synchronized monitors called frequency disturbance recorders(FDRs)to capture dynamic grid behaviors.Over the past ten years,a large number of publications related to FNET/GridEye have been reported.In this paper,the most recent developments of FNET/GridEye sensors,data centers,and data analytics applications are reviewed.These works demonstrate that FNET/GridEye will become a costeffective situational awareness tool for the future smart grid.