泥石流冲击桥墩动力相互作用物理模型试验

在我国西部山区地震、地质活跃带,泥石流灾害对位于泥石流沟道、沟口等位置处的桥墩构成重大威胁。如何量化描述泥石流冲击桥墩的动力过程,是泥石流减灾领域拟要解决的一个重要科学问题。以泥石流灾害威胁成兰铁路沿线桥墩的工程背景为基础,依托大型泥石流模拟系统,进行多组室内大比例泥石流冲击桥墩物理模型试验。研究泥石流流速、流深以及流体特征参数与泥石流冲击压力的相关性。试验结果表明:冲击过程主要受到弗汝德数Fr和雷诺数Re两个无量纲数控制,稀性泥石流冲击压力主要控制参数为Fr,而对于黏性泥石流则同时有Fr和Re的影响;不论是对于峰值冲击力还是冲击功率谱,不同类型泥石流差别显著;在相同重度等条件下,稀性泥石流具有更大的冲击能量;此外,各种类型泥石流通过临界Fr线得到了本质上的区分。研究成果将为桥墩抗泥石流冲击结构设计提供技术支持及科学依据。

典型红层滑坡滑带土自愈合效应试验研究

在滑坡稳定性分析和设计计算中往往选用滑带土的残余强度值,但许多研究发现滑带土在稳定期会有自愈合现象发生,表现为抗剪强度的提高。对于以蠕滑为主的红层滑坡,自愈合恢复值应该在滑坡稳定性评价中予以考虑。通过对典型红层滑坡滑带土样进行“剪切―保持―剪切”试验,研究处于残余状态下的剪切面在不同法向应力、不同保持时间下的愈合情况,并进行相应的分析与讨论。试验结果表明:(1)残余状态下的土样在保持一定时间后再次剪切出现明显峰值,证明了剪切面自愈合效应存在,但是继续剪切时恢复的强度随位移快速消失;(2)随着保持时间的增长,剪切面的强度恢复值越来越大;(3)剪切面的自愈合相比法向应力更依赖于保持时间。将得到的摩擦系数值运用断层强度恢复经验公式拟合,提出不同法向应力下常数A的取值,可在滑坡安全系数计算中参考。

滚石冲击作用下钢筋混凝土棚洞板动力学响应及冲切损伤评估研究

基于冲击动力学方法,结合修正的考虑混凝土塑性特性及永久变形的分阶段弹塑性接触理论,构建了滚石冲击荷载下钢筋混凝土棚洞板动力响应的一般解析解法,通过有限元模拟验证了方法的适用性,探讨了不同冲击位置的响应规律.依据冲击试验中钢筋混凝土板裂缝开展的分阶段特征,定义最大冲击力与冲切承载力的比值为损伤参数,作为冲切损伤程度的简化理论判据,采用3种典型冲切计算方法对其影响因素进行了参数敏感性分析.结果表明:滚石冲击钢筋混凝土棚洞板的最大冲击力与最大压痕和永久压痕呈正相关,三者均与挠度呈负相关;从靠近棚洞板边缘处到中心位置,其最大冲击力近似呈线性减小;滚石半径相对于冲击速度,以及板厚相对于混凝土强度对冲切损伤程度的影响都更大,而是否考虑纵筋销栓作用也显著影响其冲切损伤状态的评估.

L型挡土墙滑裂面确定方法与地震稳定性分析

提出了L型挡土墙两种破坏模式,即长踵板式和短踵板式,且破坏模式受几何参数和物理力学参数影响。研究了两种破坏模式下L型挡土墙滑裂面确定方法和地震稳定性问题,界定了两种破坏模式的临界条件。考虑第二、第三滑裂面产生条件,应用极限分析运动学原理,建立地震荷载作用下L型挡土墙临界状态方程,推导出地震加速度系数表达式。根据极值原理,给出最优解,从而计算得到临界屈服加速度系数及其对应的滑裂面倾角。通过算例分析可知:临界屈服加速度系数小于M-O公式法,长踵板式L型挡土墙滑裂面倾角与坦墙判别公式结果相同,且滑裂面之间的夹角等于90°-φ,即与滑移线场的结论相同。短踵板式L型挡土墙滑裂面夹角近似等于90°-φ。

饱和松散堆积体快速滑动的剪胀效应机制与过程模拟

工程弃渣、地震滑坡堆积体等松散介质,在降雨条件下所形成的饱和松散堆积体具有更强的流动性,其运动速度、危害范围大大超过预期,其内在机制一直是国际学术界关注的热点问题。采用Iverson基于极限状态土力学原理构建的饱和堆积体剪胀模型,并整合到Savage-Hutter滑坡运动演进物理模型中,采用有限体积法求解滑坡运动学方程,实现了饱和松散堆积体运动演进全程模拟,最后以深圳滑坡为案例研究了滑坡运动成灾过程。结果表明:剪胀效应是导致饱和松散堆积体快速运动的主要原因,饱和松散堆积体的初始状态(孔隙比或固相体积分数)对其运动-堆积演化过程有决定性影响。

西藏樟木扎美拉山危岩特征与稳定性评价

扎美拉山崩塌位于西藏自治区聂拉木县樟木镇及樟木镇滑坡北侧的基岩陡壁上,对樟木镇的停车场、加油站、居民住宅和中尼公路行人与车辆的安全一直是严重威胁。在对扎美拉山崩塌进行详细现场勘察的基础上,查明了该崩塌危岩体的基本特征和分布范围。依据危岩体岩性及已有的崩塌现状,并考虑坡面不利结构面及岩体松动、破坏情况,综合分析得出该崩塌危岩体的主要变形破坏模式有坠落式、倾倒式、滑移式三种。通过对单个危岩体和岩堆进行稳定性计算,结合崩塌危岩体的运动堆积特征分析,最终提出了采用主、被动相结合的综合措施对扎美拉山的崩塌危岩体灾害进行有效治理。

Geo-engineered buffer capacity of two-layered absorbing system under the impact of rock avalanches based on Discrete Element Method

Many rock avalanches were triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008 in southwest China. Protection galleries covered with a single soil layer are usually used to protect against rockfall. Since one-layer protection galleries do not have sufficient buffer capacity, a two-layered absorbing system has been designed. This study aims to find whether an expanded poly-styrol （EPS） cushion, which is used in the soil-covered protection galleries for shock absorption, could be positioned under dynamic loadings. The dynamic impacts of the two-layered absorbing system under the conditions of rock avalanches are numerically simulated through a 2D discrete dement method. By selecting reasonable parameters, a series of numerical experiments were conducted to find the best combination for the two- layered absorbing system. The values of the EPS layer area as a percentage of the total area were set as 0% （Sl）, 22~ （S2）, and 70% （$3）. 22~ of the area of the EPS layer was found to be a reasonable value, and experiments were conducted to find the best position of the EPS layer in the two-layered absorbing system. The numerical results yield useful conclusions regarding the interaction between the impacting avalanches and the two-layered absorbing system. The soil layer can absorb the shock energy effectively and S2 （0.4-m thick EPS cushion covered with soil layer） is the most efficient combination, which can reduce the impact force, compared with the other combinations.

A Generalized Limit Equilibrium Method for the Solution of Active Earth Pressure on a Retaining Wall

In this paper, a generalized limit equilibrium method of solving the active earth pressure problem behind a retaining wall is proposed.Differing from other limit equilibrium methods, an arbitrary slip surface shape without any assumptions of pre-defined shapes is needed in the current framework, which is verified to find the most probable failure slip surface. Based on the current computational framework, numerical comparisons with experiment, discrete element method and other methods are carried out. In addition, the influences of the inclination of the wall, the soil cohesion, the angle of the internal friction of the soil, the slope inclination of the backfill soil on the critical pressure coefficient of the soil, the point of application of the resultant earth pressure and the shape of the slip surface are also carefully investigated. The results demonstrate that limit equilibrium solution from predefined slip plane assumption, including Coulomb solution, is a special case of current computational framework. It is well illustrated that the current method is feasible to evaluate the characteristics of earth pressure problem.

Simulation of two-phase debris flow scouring bridge pier

Debris flows are typical two-phase flows, which commonly accompany erosion in mountainous areas, and may destroy bridge engineering by scouring. In this study, a physically-based two-phase model is applied for the simulation of debris flow scouring of bridge pier. In this model, the shear stress of debris flow on an erodible bed is considered to be a function of the solid shear stress, fluid shear stress, and volume fraction; accordingly, the erosion is incorporated into the two-phase model. Using a highaccuracy computational scheme based on the finite volume method, the model is employed for simulating a dynamic debris flow over an erodible bed. The numerical results are consistent with the experimental data, and verify the feasibility of the two-phase model. Moreover, a simple numerical test is performed to exhibit the fundamental behaviour of debris flow scouring of bridge pier, which shows that the degree of erosion on each side of the pier is higher compared to other areas. The scouring depth is influenced by the variations of solid volume fraction and velocity of debris flow and pier width.

Dynamic response and optimization of an inclined steel rock shed by the graded energy dissipating method

Blocking rockfalls directly by reinforced concrete(RC) flat sheds with thick sand cushions is an outdated method. Such conventional sheds typically accumulate rock heavily, and become progressively damaged and are difficult to repair, and are very costly. To address these problems, we propose a new structure called a Graded Dissipating Inclined Steel Rock(GDISR) shed that utilizes the graded energy dissipation method. Here, we study the dynamic response of the GDISR shed with model test and numerical simulation, and give its optimization design combining with a practical engineering case. Our results show that the optimized modular E-block and corrugated steel tube can deform to sufficiently absorb the energy of different impact intensities. This efficiently and economically provides GDISR sheds with two security lines. Compared with conventional RC sheds, GDISR sheds with optimal incline have a more efficient anti-impact function, are faster and easier to repair, and are much simpler and cheaper to build.

Simulation of landslide run-out by considering frictional heating and thermal pressurization

Some of the remarkable characteristics of natural landslides, such as surprisingly long travel distances and high velocities, have been attributed to the mechanisms of frictional heating and thermal pressurization. In this work, this mechanism is combined with a depth-averaged model to simulate the long runout of landslides in the condition of deformation. Some important factors that influence frictional heating and thermal pressurization within the shear zone are further considered, including velocity profile and pressurization coefficient. In order to solve the coupled equations, a combined computational method based on the finite volume method and quadratic upwind interpolation for convective kinematics scheme is proposed. Several numerical tests are performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the computational scheme, the influence of thermal pressurization on landslide run-out, and the potential of the model to simulate an actual landslide.

Numerical modeling and dynamic analysis of the 2017 Xinmo landslide in Maoxian County, China

A catastrophic landslide occurred at Xinmo village in Maoxian County, Sichuan Province,China, on June 24, 2017. A 2.87×106 m3 rock mass collapsed and entrained the surface soil layer along the landslide path. Eighty-three people were killed or went missing and more than 103 houses were destroyed. In this paper, the geological conditions of the landslide are analyzed via field investigation and high-resolution imagery. The dynamic process and runout characteristics of the landslide are numerically analyzed using a depth-integrated continuum method and Mac Cormack-TVD finite difference algorithm.Computational results show that the evaluated area of the danger zone matchs well with the results of field investigation. It is worth noting that soil sprayed by the high-speed blast needs to be taken into account for such kind of large high-locality landslide. The maximum velocity is about 55 m/s, which is consistent with most cases. In addition, the potential danger zone of an unstable block is evaluated. The potential risk area evaluated by the efficient depthintegrated continuum method could play a significant role in disaster prevention and secondary hazard avoidance during rescue operations.

Hydro-mechanical analysis of rainfall-induced fines migration process within unsaturated soils

Seepage-induced fines migration under rainfall infiltration is a main cause leading to shallow failures in loose colluvial slopes. To describe the full process of fines migration within unsaturated soils during rainfall infiltration and the associated hydromechanical behaviors, a seepage-erosion-deformation coupled formulation is proposed in this paper. The governing equations proposed are implemented into a finite element code and used to investigate the influences of skeleton deformation on the rainfall infiltration process through unsaturated soil columns.The numerical results were presented in detail for a better understanding of the rainfall-induced fines migration process within unsaturated soils. Further,the obtained results are integrated into an infinite slope model for slope stability analysis. The results show that, the skeleton deformation will affect the rainfall infiltration rate and hence the timing of slope failures; meanwhile their influences are more evident if the fines deposition process is taken into account.Moreover, the slope stability could be reduced gradually due to the soil strength loss along with loss of fine particles. Therefore, particular attentions should be paid to analyzing the stability of soil slopes susceptible to internal erosion.

Numerical investigation of effects of “baffles-deceleration strip” hybrid system on rock avalanches

Arrays of baffles are usually installed in front of protection site to attenuate the flow energy of rock avalanches in mountainous areas. Optimization design is crucial for efficiency promotion in hazard energy dissipation engineering. In this study, a deceleration strip was added in the baffles protection system to optimize the traditional baffles system. The effects of the "baffles-deceleration strip" hybrid protection system was discussed in detail with the nails number and nails angle. This study presents details of numerical experiments using the discreteelement method(DEM). The effect of the optimization of hybrid protection system(nail angle and nail number) were investigated specifically, especially the impact force that avalanches exerted on structures. The results show that the maximum impact forces and kinetic energy of the rock avalanches decreases with the increase of the number and angle of the nail. Moreover, the distance between the toe and the bearing structure(L_m) is also a key factor. The shorter the distance L_m(30 m) is, the higher the maximum impact force are. The longer the distance L_m(70 m) is, the lower the maximum impact force are. Under the same size of the nails, increasing the numbers can enhance the dissipation ability of the hybrid protection system. Meanwhile, increasing itsangle can also enhance the dissipation ability. There are three key ways for nails attenuate rock avalanches:(i) block the fine particles directly;(ii) form the particles bridge between nails and baffles;(iii) dissipate the coarse particles energy directly. The effect of segregation in rock avalanches is crucial for the energy dissipation mechanism, which is a key factor to optimize the traditional baffle system.

Field investigation and numerical simulation on rockfalls in Zhangmu Town, Tibet, China

Zhangmu Town in Tibet of China,which lies in the southern piedmont of the median Himalayas,is a small but strategically important port of trade exchange between China and Nepal.Many rockfall events have occurred in Zhangmu since 1970,resulting in huge economic losses and serious influence on the bilateral trade.We conducted a detailed field investigation on the high and steep slope in Zhangmu Town,and analyzed the distribution features,stability,failure modes and evolution of dangerous rocks of potential rockfalls.Then we numerically simulated the movement path,velocity and accumulation forms of the rockfall with PFC^(3D) program.The results indicated that the dangerous rock belt could be divided into three sections,namely,unstable section,slightly stable section and basically stable section.It was estimated that the rock debris and single dangerous rock would be unstable in the case of earthquakes or rainstorms.Due to the terrain constraints,the fallen rocks would scatter near the mouth of the Zhangmu ditch and in the Buqu River through multiple times of rolling,collision-induced diversion and bouncing.Without reinforcement,the rockfall could cause serious damage to the car parks,gas stations and National Highway 318 along the line from Zhangmu Town to Zhangmu ditch.Based on the field survey and numerical simulation,we recommended rockfall removal and interception as the major prevention measures,and protective sheds as auxiliary measure.

Dynamic process simulation with a Savage-Hutter type model for the intrusion of landslide into river

Natural damming of rivers by mass movements is a very common and potentially dangerous phenomena which has been documented all over the world. In this paper, a two-layer model of Savage-Hutter type is presented to simulate the dynamic procedure for the intrusion of landslide into rivers. The two-layer shallow water system is derived by depth averaging the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with the hydrostatic assumption. A high order accuracy scheme based on the finite volume method is proposed to solve the presented model equations. Several numerical tests are performed to verify the realiability and feasibility of the proposed model. The numerical results indicate that the proposed method can be competent for simulating the dynamic process of landslide intrusion into the river. The interaction effect between both layers has a significant impact on the landslide movement, water fluctuation and wave propagation.

内爬式动臂塔机内爬钢梁提升系统研究

通过对超高层建筑大型内爬式动臂塔机支撑梁倒运系统进行设计,充分考虑项目管理和施工需求,在安全、高效、经济的基础上,提供了一套新的施工工艺思路,取得良好的经济效益和社会效益,有利于大型内爬式动臂塔机的推广使用和超高层建筑业的发展。