Background:α–synuclein(α–syn)is the main component of intracytoplasmic inclusions deposited in the brains of patients with Parkinson’s disease(PD)and certain other neurodegenerative disorders.Recent studies have ...Background:α–synuclein(α–syn)is the main component of intracytoplasmic inclusions deposited in the brains of patients with Parkinson’s disease(PD)and certain other neurodegenerative disorders.Recent studies have explored the ability ofα–syn to propagate between or across neighboring neurons and supposedly“infect”them with a prion–like mechanism.However,much of this research has used stereotaxic injections of heterologousα–syn fibrils to induce the spreading of inclusions in the rodent brains.Whetherα–syn is able to transmit from the host cells to their neighboring cells in vivo is unclear.Methods:Using immunestaining,we examined the potential propagation ofα–syn into nigrostriatal dopaminergic(DA)neurons in three lines of transgenic mice that overexpress human wild–typeα–syn(hα–syn)in different neuron populations.Results:After testing for three different routes by which hα–syn propagation might occur,we were unable to find any evidence that hα–syn behaved like a prion and could be transmitted overtime into the DA neurons initially lack of hα–syn expression.Conclusions:In transgenic mice hα–syn does not have the ability to propagate at pathologically significant levels between or across neurons.It must be noted that these observations do not disprove the studies that show its prion–like qualities,but rather that propagation is not detectable in transgenic models that do not use any injections of heterologous proteins or viral vectors to induce a spreading state.展开更多
Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma at extra-uterine sites;it is a common disease affecting women of reproductive age.Endometrial tissue can implant itself to various organs,inclu...Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma at extra-uterine sites;it is a common disease affecting women of reproductive age.Endometrial tissue can implant itself to various organs,including the gastrointestinal tract,and can cause significant gastrointestinal symptoms.These ectopic endometrial tissue implants are usually located in the pelvis but can be present almost anywhere in the body.Endometriosis seems to be the most frequent cause of chronic pelvic pain in women of reproductive age and may cause prolonged suffering and disability that negatively affect health-related quality of life.We report a case in a generally healthy young female patient who presented for evaluation of diarrhea.展开更多
基金the intramural research program of National Institute on Aging(HC:AG-000928,929).
文摘Background:α–synuclein(α–syn)is the main component of intracytoplasmic inclusions deposited in the brains of patients with Parkinson’s disease(PD)and certain other neurodegenerative disorders.Recent studies have explored the ability ofα–syn to propagate between or across neighboring neurons and supposedly“infect”them with a prion–like mechanism.However,much of this research has used stereotaxic injections of heterologousα–syn fibrils to induce the spreading of inclusions in the rodent brains.Whetherα–syn is able to transmit from the host cells to their neighboring cells in vivo is unclear.Methods:Using immunestaining,we examined the potential propagation ofα–syn into nigrostriatal dopaminergic(DA)neurons in three lines of transgenic mice that overexpress human wild–typeα–syn(hα–syn)in different neuron populations.Results:After testing for three different routes by which hα–syn propagation might occur,we were unable to find any evidence that hα–syn behaved like a prion and could be transmitted overtime into the DA neurons initially lack of hα–syn expression.Conclusions:In transgenic mice hα–syn does not have the ability to propagate at pathologically significant levels between or across neurons.It must be noted that these observations do not disprove the studies that show its prion–like qualities,but rather that propagation is not detectable in transgenic models that do not use any injections of heterologous proteins or viral vectors to induce a spreading state.
文摘Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma at extra-uterine sites;it is a common disease affecting women of reproductive age.Endometrial tissue can implant itself to various organs,including the gastrointestinal tract,and can cause significant gastrointestinal symptoms.These ectopic endometrial tissue implants are usually located in the pelvis but can be present almost anywhere in the body.Endometriosis seems to be the most frequent cause of chronic pelvic pain in women of reproductive age and may cause prolonged suffering and disability that negatively affect health-related quality of life.We report a case in a generally healthy young female patient who presented for evaluation of diarrhea.
