Software Defect Prediction Using Hybrid Machine Learning Techniques: A Comparative Study

When a customer uses the software, then it is possible to occur defects that can be removed in the updated versions of the software. Hence, in the present work, a robust examination of cross-project software defect prediction is elaborated through an innovative hybrid machine learning framework. The proposed technique combines an advanced deep neural network architecture with ensemble models such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and XGBoost. The study evaluates the performance by considering multiple software projects like CM1, JM1, KC1, and PC1 using datasets from the PROMISE Software Engineering Repository. The three hybrid models that are compared are Hybrid Model-1 (SVM, RandomForest, XGBoost, Neural Network), Hybrid Model-2 (GradientBoosting, DecisionTree, LogisticRegression, Neural Network), and Hybrid Model-3 (KNeighbors, GaussianNB, Support Vector Classification (SVC), Neural Network), and the Hybrid Model 3 surpasses the others in terms of recall, F1-score, accuracy, ROC AUC, and precision. The presented work offers valuable insights into the effectiveness of hybrid techniques for cross-project defect prediction, providing a comparative perspective on early defect identification and mitigation strategies. .

HV Process Model of Software Development

Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is one of the major ingredients for the development of efficient software systems within a time frame and low-cost involvement. From the literature, it is evident that there are various kinds of process models that are used by the software industries for the development of small, medium and long-term software projects, but many of them do not cover risk management. It is quite obvious that the improper selection of the software development process model leads to failure of the software products as it is time bound activity. In the present work, a new software development process model is proposed which covers the risks at any stage of the development of the software product. The model is named a Hemant-Vipin (HV) process model and may be helpful for the software industries for development of the efficient software products and timely delivery at the end of the client. The efficiency of the HV process model is observed by considering various kinds of factors like requirement clarity, user feedback, change agility, predictability, risk identification, practical implementation, customer satisfaction, incremental development, use of ready-made components, quick design, resource organization and many more and found through a case study that the presented approach covers many of parameters in comparison of the existing process models. .

Indian Solar Panel Initiatives in Reducing Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Environmental degradation and the emission of greenhouse gases particularly carbon dioxide have expanded problems to human wellness and to the atmosphere. The second-most populated country in the globe, India, is among the primary users of conventional resources, which leads to global warming. The growth rate is anticipated to raise more before 2050, which will cause the brisk industrial expansion and rising energy demand to both increases. In order to reduce carbon emissions and meet energy requirements, many countries use alternate usage of renewable energy particularly solar energy. In this review we aim to study solar panel schemes initiated by India, mainly focusing on National Solar Mission. This study also reviews the present solar installed capacity, solar panel scheme 2022, and initiatives and outcomes of solar panels in residences and offices. This study reviewed that by using solar panel resources, the (MNRE) Ministry of New and Renewable Energy hopes to help the Indian Government reach its purpose of 100 GW solar installed capacity by end of 2022. Despite having an amazing 40 GW of solar power installed capacity till December 2021, India is still far from reaching its own goal of 100 GW by March 2023 as per NSM. In essence, this means that India will need to change a few of its ongoing plans further.

Discrepancies in the clinical and radiological profiles of COVID-19:A case-based discussion and review of literature

The current gold standard for the diagnosis of coronavirus disease-19(COVID-19)is a positive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)test,on the background of clinical suspicion.However,RT-PCR has its limitations;this includes issues of low sensitivity,sampling errors and appropriate timing of specimen collection.As pulmonary involvement is the most common manifestation of severe COVID-19,early and appropriate lung imaging is important to aid diagnosis.However,gross discrepancies can occur between the clinical and imaging findings in patients with COVID-19,which can mislead clinicians in their decision making.Although chest X-ray(CXR)has a low sensitivity for the diagnosis of COVID-19 associated lung disease,especially in the earlier stages,a positive CXR increases the pre-test probability of COVID-19.CXR scoring systems have shown to be useful,such as the COVID-19 opacification rating score which helps to predict the need of tracheal intubation.Furthermore,artificial intelligence-based algorithms have also shown promise in differentiating COVID-19 pneumonia on CXR from other lung diseases.Although costlier than CXR,unenhanced computed tomographic(CT)chest scans have a higher sensitivity,but lesser specificity compared to RT-PCR for the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia.A semi-quantitative CT scoring system has been shown to predict short-term mortality.The routine use of CT pulmonary angiography as a first-line imaging modality in patients with suspected COVID-19 is not justifiable due to the risk of contrast nephropathy.Scoring systems similar to those pioneered in CXR and CT can be used to effectively plan and manage hospital resources such as ventilators.Lung ultrasound is useful in the assessment of critically ill COVID-19 patients in the hands of an experienced operator.Moreover,it is a convenient tool to monitor disease progression,as it is cheap,non-invasive,easily accessible and easy to sterilise.Newer lung imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)for safe imaging among children,adolescents and pregnant women are rapidly evolving.Imaging modalities are also essential for evaluating the extra-pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19:these include cranial imaging with CT or MRI;cardiac imaging with ultrasonography(US),CT and MRI;and abdominal imaging with US or CT.This review critically analyses the utility of each imaging modality to empower clinicians to use them appropriately in the management of patients with COVID-19 infection.

Monitoring localized corrosion of Inconel 82 weld overlay on 304L SS weld by electrochemical noise

The manuscript presents the results from the electrochemical noise (EN) monitoring of Inconel 82 weld overlay on Type 304L stainless steel (SS) weld in 0.01M FeCl3. The microstructure of the weld overlay obtained from optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed an austenite structure, containing equiaxed dendrites and secondary phases at the interdendritic region. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) attached to SEM revealed the secondary phases to be Nb rich Laves phase. The electrochemical potential noise was monitored using a three identical electrode configuration. The acquired signals were detrended, and wavelet analysis was employed to encode useful information from the noise transients. Visual examination of the potential noise-time record contained distinct high amplitude transients typical of localized corrosion attack. The energy distribution plots (EDP) of the potential noise derived from wavelet analysis depicted maximum relative energy on D6-D8 crystals, which represent large time scale events such as those occurring from localized attacks. Also, repassivation events too could be divulged from the potential EDP. The micrographs of the post electrochemical noise experimented specimens revealed the occurrence of localized attacks along the interdendritic region and none inside the dendritic cores. The presence of secondary phases along the interdendritic regions was found to be detrimental in chloride medium, imparting inferior localized corrosion resistance to the weld overlay.

Understanding of tip clearance flow structure in high speed mixed flow compressor

This paper addresses the necessity to make a physical interpretation of a highly complex three-dimensional tip clearance flow field study for high-speed mixed-flow compressor having stage exit static pressure to inlet total pressure ratio of 3.8 with 39,836 rpm rotor speed.The four different tip configurations namely the constant(l Z 0.016 and 0.019)and variable(l Z 0.011(inlet)-0.019(exit)and 0.019(inlet)-0.022(exit))tip clearances were numerically analysed using available experimental data-set.The numerical investigation reveals that in contrast to the classic jet-wake pattern,two anomalous velocity profiles formed at the impeller exit which results in pressure losses in the vaneless diffuser.Near the impeller inlet,the tip leakage flow rolls up to discrete tip leakage vortex structure for each tip clearance configuration.This results in the formation of a region of momentum deficit,recirculation zone,which gets weakened as it moves downstream.The tip clearance configuration is observed to profoundly influence the extent and vorticity of the tip leakage vortex.In the splitter blade passage,the tip leakage flow and Coriolis flow interact with passage flow,resulting in the formation of two secondary passage vortices that move downstream along the pressure and suction surface of the splitter blade.The tip clearance configuration directly influences the impeller exit jetwake pattern by modulating the secondary passage vortices trajectory and vorticity.Moreover,off-design analysis for tip clearances l Z 0.016 and l Z 0.019,depict distinctive tip leakage vortex characteristics.When operating near the stall conditions(80%of design mass flow rate),l Z 0.019 exhibits bubble shape tip leakage vortex breakdown occurring near the impeller inlet.This result in a substantial change in the tip leakage vortex nature;expansion of the recirculation zone and early weakening of the vorticity in the tip leakage vortex.It is observed that vortex breakdown plays a vital role in characteristics of the passage flow field structure and compressor performance near the stall conditions.