Commercial lithium(Li)-ion batteries(LIBs)are approaching their theoretical limits in energy density.As a result,Li metal batteries(LMBs)with either liquid or solid-state electrolytes have been proposed as a next-gene...Commercial lithium(Li)-ion batteries(LIBs)are approaching their theoretical limits in energy density.As a result,Li metal batteries(LMBs)with either liquid or solid-state electrolytes have been proposed as a next-generation alternative,although they currently pose major safety and stability issues.To resolve these issues,most research has focused on the development and production of novelmaterials and coatings.Although promising performance benchmarks have been achieved,these strategiesmay generate issues for large-scale production,due to the added costs associated with using novel materials and developing the required cell fabrication process and infrastructure.Optimizing external conditions,such as selecting specific cell cycling protocols,testing the cell or synthesizing materials at specific temperatures,testing or fabricating the cell under specific mechanical pressures,etc.,are often overlooked as a means of directly improving battery performance without requiring complex material modifications.In this review,we will discuss how these external parameters can address the key failure mechanisms and challenges in LMBs that use either liquid or solid electrolytes.Similarities and differences in mechanisms(Li+transport,Li dendrite propagation,thermal effects,etc.)observed in liquid and solid-state configurations will also be discussed.Finally,we propose the outstanding scientific and economic gaps in LMBs,thereby providing future directions to explore.展开更多
文摘Commercial lithium(Li)-ion batteries(LIBs)are approaching their theoretical limits in energy density.As a result,Li metal batteries(LMBs)with either liquid or solid-state electrolytes have been proposed as a next-generation alternative,although they currently pose major safety and stability issues.To resolve these issues,most research has focused on the development and production of novelmaterials and coatings.Although promising performance benchmarks have been achieved,these strategiesmay generate issues for large-scale production,due to the added costs associated with using novel materials and developing the required cell fabrication process and infrastructure.Optimizing external conditions,such as selecting specific cell cycling protocols,testing the cell or synthesizing materials at specific temperatures,testing or fabricating the cell under specific mechanical pressures,etc.,are often overlooked as a means of directly improving battery performance without requiring complex material modifications.In this review,we will discuss how these external parameters can address the key failure mechanisms and challenges in LMBs that use either liquid or solid electrolytes.Similarities and differences in mechanisms(Li+transport,Li dendrite propagation,thermal effects,etc.)observed in liquid and solid-state configurations will also be discussed.Finally,we propose the outstanding scientific and economic gaps in LMBs,thereby providing future directions to explore.
