AIM: To investigate whether the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms, IL1B-511C/T, IL1B-31C/T, IL6-634C/G, TNF-1031T/C, TNF-857C/T, and IL10-1082A/G, interact with smoking and drinking habits to infl...AIM: To investigate whether the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms, IL1B-511C/T, IL1B-31C/T, IL6-634C/G, TNF-1031T/C, TNF-857C/T, and IL10-1082A/G, interact with smoking and drinking habits to influence infection with H pylori.METHODS: The subjects were 410 Japanese transit company employees. C-reactive protein and conventional cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated. Serum anti-H pylori antibodies were measured. The genotypes of IL1B-511C/T, IL1B-31C/T, IL6-634C/G, TNF-1031T/C, TNF-857C/T, and IL10-1082A/G polymorphisms were determined by allelic discrimination using fluorogenic probes and a 5′nuclease assay.RESULTS: In gender- and age-adjusted logistic analyses, the subjects with TNF-857T/T had a significantly lower odds ratio (OR) for H pylori seropositivity (reference -857C/C; OR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.03-0.59, P = 0.007). After stratification according to smoking and drinking status, among never-smokers, the subjects with IL1B-511C/T had a significantly lower OR (reference -511C/C; OR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.10-0.90, P = 0.032). Among drinkers in the 1-5 times/wk category, the subjects with IL1B-511T/T had a significantly lower OR (reference C/C; OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.16-0.95, P = 0.039), and the subjects with IL1B-31C/T and T/T had a significantly higher OR (reference C/C; C/T: OR = 2.59, 95% CI, P = 0.042: 1.04-6.47; C/C: OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.23-8.14, P = 0.017). Among current smokers, the subjects withIL6-634C/G had a significantly higher OR (reference C/C; OR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.13-4.58, P = 0.021). However, the interactions terms between the aforementioned genotypes and lifestyles were not statistically significant.CONCLUSION: Contrary to previous findings, the results herein suggest that the TNF-857T/T genotype may be protective against chronic infection with H pylori. Drinking and smoking habits may influence the effect of cytokine gene polymorphisms. Further studies are required to clarify the effects of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine polymorphisms and gene-environmental interactions on H pylori infection.展开更多
Nutrient loadings from upstream watersheds can have significant impacts on the water quality of receiving water bodies.Usually,a major river is selected as the target for water quality studies,and the impact of minor ...Nutrient loadings from upstream watersheds can have significant impacts on the water quality of receiving water bodies.Usually,a major river is selected as the target for water quality studies,and the impact of minor rivers tends to be ignored.It is very important to evaluate whether the impact of small rivers on the downstream water quality is negligible.River water sampling and discharge modeling using SWAT were used to analyze the contribution of small rivers to water quality in a receiving lake.From this analysis,it was determined that the inflowing total nitrogen(TN)and total phosphorus(TP)concentrations from all target rivers exceeded the lake water environmental standards set by the Ministry of the Environment.The contribution of suspended sediment(SS)and TN loads from small rivers did not vary markedly compared with their relative discharge contributions to the lake,at approximately 20%.However,the impact on TP loads to the lake from small rivers was 9.1%higher than their relative flow contributions,accounting for 28.2% of the TP loading.Thus,there is a potential to underestimate the impact of ungauged small rivers if only the major river is selected to evaluate the downstream lake water quality.展开更多
基金a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists from the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology of Japana Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Health,Labour and Welfare of Japan
文摘AIM: To investigate whether the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms, IL1B-511C/T, IL1B-31C/T, IL6-634C/G, TNF-1031T/C, TNF-857C/T, and IL10-1082A/G, interact with smoking and drinking habits to influence infection with H pylori.METHODS: The subjects were 410 Japanese transit company employees. C-reactive protein and conventional cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated. Serum anti-H pylori antibodies were measured. The genotypes of IL1B-511C/T, IL1B-31C/T, IL6-634C/G, TNF-1031T/C, TNF-857C/T, and IL10-1082A/G polymorphisms were determined by allelic discrimination using fluorogenic probes and a 5′nuclease assay.RESULTS: In gender- and age-adjusted logistic analyses, the subjects with TNF-857T/T had a significantly lower odds ratio (OR) for H pylori seropositivity (reference -857C/C; OR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.03-0.59, P = 0.007). After stratification according to smoking and drinking status, among never-smokers, the subjects with IL1B-511C/T had a significantly lower OR (reference -511C/C; OR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.10-0.90, P = 0.032). Among drinkers in the 1-5 times/wk category, the subjects with IL1B-511T/T had a significantly lower OR (reference C/C; OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.16-0.95, P = 0.039), and the subjects with IL1B-31C/T and T/T had a significantly higher OR (reference C/C; C/T: OR = 2.59, 95% CI, P = 0.042: 1.04-6.47; C/C: OR = 3.17, 95% CI: 1.23-8.14, P = 0.017). Among current smokers, the subjects withIL6-634C/G had a significantly higher OR (reference C/C; OR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.13-4.58, P = 0.021). However, the interactions terms between the aforementioned genotypes and lifestyles were not statistically significant.CONCLUSION: Contrary to previous findings, the results herein suggest that the TNF-857T/T genotype may be protective against chronic infection with H pylori. Drinking and smoking habits may influence the effect of cytokine gene polymorphisms. Further studies are required to clarify the effects of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine polymorphisms and gene-environmental interactions on H pylori infection.
基金This study was partially supported by two grants-in-aid for scientific research:KAKENHI:24780234 and 25281054.
文摘Nutrient loadings from upstream watersheds can have significant impacts on the water quality of receiving water bodies.Usually,a major river is selected as the target for water quality studies,and the impact of minor rivers tends to be ignored.It is very important to evaluate whether the impact of small rivers on the downstream water quality is negligible.River water sampling and discharge modeling using SWAT were used to analyze the contribution of small rivers to water quality in a receiving lake.From this analysis,it was determined that the inflowing total nitrogen(TN)and total phosphorus(TP)concentrations from all target rivers exceeded the lake water environmental standards set by the Ministry of the Environment.The contribution of suspended sediment(SS)and TN loads from small rivers did not vary markedly compared with their relative discharge contributions to the lake,at approximately 20%.However,the impact on TP loads to the lake from small rivers was 9.1%higher than their relative flow contributions,accounting for 28.2% of the TP loading.Thus,there is a potential to underestimate the impact of ungauged small rivers if only the major river is selected to evaluate the downstream lake water quality.