同步硝化反硝化（simultaneous nitrification and denitrification，简称SND）是氧化沟工艺实现优良脱氮效果的主要原因，为了较好实现SND，采用ORP作为氧化沟工艺SND的控制参数．采用缺氧-厌氧-氧化沟模型对市政污水进行了生物脱氮研...同步硝化反硝化（simultaneous nitrification and denitrification，简称SND）是氧化沟工艺实现优良脱氮效果的主要原因，为了较好实现SND，采用ORP作为氧化沟工艺SND的控制参数．采用缺氧-厌氧-氧化沟模型对市政污水进行了生物脱氮研究．UORP在-30～30mV，NH4^＋和NO3^-的含量均比较低，发生了较好的SND；UORP在30mV以上，出水的总无机氮（TIN）中95％以上为NO3^-，该状况下硝化效果良好，UORP在-30mV以下，硝化不充分，出水的TIN中78％以上为NH4^＋；UORP在-30～30mV，TN的去除率在88％以上，SND作用去除的NO3^-占总的NO3^-去除的99％以上；氧化沟中的NH4^＋和NO3^-之比的对数与UORP有着很好的相关性，相关系数R=-0．97．展开更多
Herbal medicine in Japan is termed as Kampo medicine, which is derived from traditional Chinese medicine. Shakuyakukanzoto （Shao-Yao-Gan-Cao-Tang） as a kind of Kampo formulations is composed of just two components; ...Herbal medicine in Japan is termed as Kampo medicine, which is derived from traditional Chinese medicine. Shakuyakukanzoto （Shao-Yao-Gan-Cao-Tang） as a kind of Kampo formulations is composed of just two components; Paeoniae Radix and Glycyrrhizae Radix, which produced marked relaxation of intestinal tract. Mokuboito （Mu-Fang-Ji-Tang） inhibited cardiac ionic channel currents, and as a mixture also produced great vasodilatation. Sinomenine （a main ingredient of Mokuboito） as a single compound also caused the vasodilatation, but decreased it along with ageing. Gypsum containing in Mokuboito and Chotosan （Diao-Teng-San） caused more marked effects, as compared with those without Gypsum. On the other hand, Rokumigan （Liu-Wei-Wan）, Hachimijiogan （Ba-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan） and Goshajinkigan （Niu- Che-Shen-Qi-Wan） increase in order the number of contained ingredients. The formulations with more herbs （ingredients） produced much more effective actions on rat aorta, presumably due to compensation of the decline of pharmacological sensitivity with ageing. Thus, there are some important differences between single chemical drugs and mixture drugs with many ingredients. The effects of Kampo medicine （mixture） are never just a sum of each effect induced by a lot of in qredients. For elder persons, furthermore, Kampo medicine exerts more effective actions.展开更多
AIM： To investigate whether adrenomedullin, a potent vasodilator peptide, plays a role in the circulatory disturbance in cirrhosis. METHODS： Cirrhosis was induced in rats by weekly gavage of carbon tetrachloride. He...AIM： To investigate whether adrenomedullin, a potent vasodilator peptide, plays a role in the circulatory disturbance in cirrhosis. METHODS： Cirrhosis was induced in rats by weekly gavage of carbon tetrachloride. Hemodynamic studies were performed in vivo using radioactive microspheres and in vitro using isolated aortic rings. The adrenomedullin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS： Acute administration of adrenomedullin to the control rats reduced the systemic arterial pressure along with an increase of serum levels of the stable metabolite of nitric oxide （NOx）, in a dose-dependent manner. Chronic infusion of adrenomedullin reduced the vascular resistance and increased the blood flow in the systemic and splanchnic circulation. Intravenous administration of anti-adrenomedullin antibody did not affect any hemodynamic parameters in the cirrhotic rats, whereas this antibody ameliorated the blunted contractile response to phenylephrine, o-adrenergic receptor agonist, in the aortic rings of the cirrhotic rats. The adrenomedullin concentrations in the aorta were higher in the cirrhotic rats than in the controls, and correlated with the mean arterial pressure in the cirrhotic rats. Moreover, adrenomedullin blunted the contractile response to phenylephrine in both of the control aorta and cirrhotic aorta, but not in the presence of NG-nitro L-arginine methyl ester, an NO synthase inhibitor. CONCLUSION： Adrenomedullin overproduced in the vascular wall may contribute to the circulatory disturbance in cirrhosis as a local regulator of the vascular tonus rather than a circulating hormone.展开更多
Shakuyakukanzoto (Shao-Yao-Gan-Cao-Tang), a formulation of Japanese herbal (Kampo) medicines, is composed of Paeoniae Radix and Glycyrrhizae Radix. Effects of Shakuyakukanzoto and the ingredients on rat intestinal tra...Shakuyakukanzoto (Shao-Yao-Gan-Cao-Tang), a formulation of Japanese herbal (Kampo) medicines, is composed of Paeoniae Radix and Glycyrrhizae Radix. Effects of Shakuyakukanzoto and the ingredients on rat intestinal tract were examined. Shakuyakukanzoto (0.01 - 0.3 mg/ml) relaxed a carbachol (CCh, 0.3 μM) - induced contraction in a concentration-dependent manner. Both components (Paeoniae radix and Glycyrrhizae radix) also relaxed the CCh-induced contraction. At 0.1 to 1 mM, their constituents (paeoniflorin and glycyrrhetic acid) and the metabolic products (18-α- and 18-β-glycyrrhetinic acids) exerted almost the same actions. The relaxations induced by Shakuyakukanzoto were not modified by 1 μM nicardipine, 10 μM suramin (ATP receptor inhibitor) and several K+ channel inhibitors, but was attenuated by 20 μM IBMX (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor). Also, IBMX inhibited the relaxations induced by paeoniflorin and glycyrrhetic acid, but not by other ingredients. Nicardipine decreased the relaxation of just 18-α-glycyrrhetinic acid. Even in non-treatment with CCh, Shakuyakukanzoto relaxed the intestinal tract. CCh (0.3 μM) elicited spontaneous contractions in 23% specimens, depressed by application of Shakuyakukanzoto. These results indicate that Shakuyakukanzoto causes a remarkable relaxation by the anti-cholinergic and the PDE inhibitory actions, but by minor contribution of Ca2+ channel inhibition. Thus, Shakuyakukanzoto exerts an anti-spasmodic action due to the interaction with pharmacological effects of its ingredients.展开更多
Objective:In traditional herbal medicine(Kampo medicine in Japan),'sho'is diagnosed by the traditional assessments of clinical conditions.Among a variety of the shos,there is an'oketsu'syndrome,which i...Objective:In traditional herbal medicine(Kampo medicine in Japan),'sho'is diagnosed by the traditional assessments of clinical conditions.Among a variety of the shos,there is an'oketsu'syndrome,which is a stagnation and disturbance of microcirculation.The prompt effects of four anti-oketsu formulations in Kampo medicine on cardiovascular functions were compared in oketsu and non-oketsu persons.Methods:The arterial pulse wave from radial artery is formed by the combination with ejection and reflection pulses.An augmentation index(AI),a ration of the ejection and reflection pulses,indicates a degree of arteriosclerosis.For both seventy-six students with oketsu and thirty-seven students with non-oketsu,Kampo formulations overcoming oketsu of Tokishakuyakusan(TS,Dang-Gui-Shao-Yao-San),Kamishoyosan(KS,Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San),Keisibukuryogan(KB,Gui-Zhi-Fu-Ling-Wan)and Tokakujokito(TJ,Tao-He-Cheng-Qi-Tang)were taken once,and then,the cardiovascular functions including blood pressure,heart rate,central arterial blood pressure(CBP)and AI were examined for 60 min.Results:At 40-60 min after an intake,these formulations decreased the AI almost by 6-18%(n=76),by 18.3±3.1%(P<0.01,n=15)with TJ.Simultaneously,the CBP was reduced by 9.0±1.8%(P<0.05,n=23)with KS and by 9.1±2.0%(P<0.05,n=15)with TJ.On the other hands,non-oketsu group had less or no effect by any kinds of the formulations.Conclusion:The anti-oketsu formulations can exert the ameliorative action for oketsu persons via decreasing AI and CBP.展开更多
文摘同步硝化反硝化（simultaneous nitrification and denitrification，简称SND）是氧化沟工艺实现优良脱氮效果的主要原因，为了较好实现SND，采用ORP作为氧化沟工艺SND的控制参数．采用缺氧-厌氧-氧化沟模型对市政污水进行了生物脱氮研究．UORP在-30～30mV，NH4^＋和NO3^-的含量均比较低，发生了较好的SND；UORP在30mV以上，出水的总无机氮（TIN）中95％以上为NO3^-，该状况下硝化效果良好，UORP在-30mV以下，硝化不充分，出水的TIN中78％以上为NH4^＋；UORP在-30～30mV，TN的去除率在88％以上，SND作用去除的NO3^-占总的NO3^-去除的99％以上；氧化沟中的NH4^＋和NO3^-之比的对数与UORP有着很好的相关性，相关系数R=-0．97．
文摘Herbal medicine in Japan is termed as Kampo medicine, which is derived from traditional Chinese medicine. Shakuyakukanzoto （Shao-Yao-Gan-Cao-Tang） as a kind of Kampo formulations is composed of just two components; Paeoniae Radix and Glycyrrhizae Radix, which produced marked relaxation of intestinal tract. Mokuboito （Mu-Fang-Ji-Tang） inhibited cardiac ionic channel currents, and as a mixture also produced great vasodilatation. Sinomenine （a main ingredient of Mokuboito） as a single compound also caused the vasodilatation, but decreased it along with ageing. Gypsum containing in Mokuboito and Chotosan （Diao-Teng-San） caused more marked effects, as compared with those without Gypsum. On the other hand, Rokumigan （Liu-Wei-Wan）, Hachimijiogan （Ba-Wei-Di-Huang-Wan） and Goshajinkigan （Niu- Che-Shen-Qi-Wan） increase in order the number of contained ingredients. The formulations with more herbs （ingredients） produced much more effective actions on rat aorta, presumably due to compensation of the decline of pharmacological sensitivity with ageing. Thus, there are some important differences between single chemical drugs and mixture drugs with many ingredients. The effects of Kampo medicine （mixture） are never just a sum of each effect induced by a lot of in qredients. For elder persons, furthermore, Kampo medicine exerts more effective actions.
基金Supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, No. 17590669
文摘AIM： To investigate whether adrenomedullin, a potent vasodilator peptide, plays a role in the circulatory disturbance in cirrhosis. METHODS： Cirrhosis was induced in rats by weekly gavage of carbon tetrachloride. Hemodynamic studies were performed in vivo using radioactive microspheres and in vitro using isolated aortic rings. The adrenomedullin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS： Acute administration of adrenomedullin to the control rats reduced the systemic arterial pressure along with an increase of serum levels of the stable metabolite of nitric oxide （NOx）, in a dose-dependent manner. Chronic infusion of adrenomedullin reduced the vascular resistance and increased the blood flow in the systemic and splanchnic circulation. Intravenous administration of anti-adrenomedullin antibody did not affect any hemodynamic parameters in the cirrhotic rats, whereas this antibody ameliorated the blunted contractile response to phenylephrine, o-adrenergic receptor agonist, in the aortic rings of the cirrhotic rats. The adrenomedullin concentrations in the aorta were higher in the cirrhotic rats than in the controls, and correlated with the mean arterial pressure in the cirrhotic rats. Moreover, adrenomedullin blunted the contractile response to phenylephrine in both of the control aorta and cirrhotic aorta, but not in the presence of NG-nitro L-arginine methyl ester, an NO synthase inhibitor. CONCLUSION： Adrenomedullin overproduced in the vascular wall may contribute to the circulatory disturbance in cirrhosis as a local regulator of the vascular tonus rather than a circulating hormone.
文摘Shakuyakukanzoto (Shao-Yao-Gan-Cao-Tang), a formulation of Japanese herbal (Kampo) medicines, is composed of Paeoniae Radix and Glycyrrhizae Radix. Effects of Shakuyakukanzoto and the ingredients on rat intestinal tract were examined. Shakuyakukanzoto (0.01 - 0.3 mg/ml) relaxed a carbachol (CCh, 0.3 μM) - induced contraction in a concentration-dependent manner. Both components (Paeoniae radix and Glycyrrhizae radix) also relaxed the CCh-induced contraction. At 0.1 to 1 mM, their constituents (paeoniflorin and glycyrrhetic acid) and the metabolic products (18-α- and 18-β-glycyrrhetinic acids) exerted almost the same actions. The relaxations induced by Shakuyakukanzoto were not modified by 1 μM nicardipine, 10 μM suramin (ATP receptor inhibitor) and several K+ channel inhibitors, but was attenuated by 20 μM IBMX (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor). Also, IBMX inhibited the relaxations induced by paeoniflorin and glycyrrhetic acid, but not by other ingredients. Nicardipine decreased the relaxation of just 18-α-glycyrrhetinic acid. Even in non-treatment with CCh, Shakuyakukanzoto relaxed the intestinal tract. CCh (0.3 μM) elicited spontaneous contractions in 23% specimens, depressed by application of Shakuyakukanzoto. These results indicate that Shakuyakukanzoto causes a remarkable relaxation by the anti-cholinergic and the PDE inhibitory actions, but by minor contribution of Ca2+ channel inhibition. Thus, Shakuyakukanzoto exerts an anti-spasmodic action due to the interaction with pharmacological effects of its ingredients.
文摘Objective:In traditional herbal medicine(Kampo medicine in Japan),'sho'is diagnosed by the traditional assessments of clinical conditions.Among a variety of the shos,there is an'oketsu'syndrome,which is a stagnation and disturbance of microcirculation.The prompt effects of four anti-oketsu formulations in Kampo medicine on cardiovascular functions were compared in oketsu and non-oketsu persons.Methods:The arterial pulse wave from radial artery is formed by the combination with ejection and reflection pulses.An augmentation index(AI),a ration of the ejection and reflection pulses,indicates a degree of arteriosclerosis.For both seventy-six students with oketsu and thirty-seven students with non-oketsu,Kampo formulations overcoming oketsu of Tokishakuyakusan(TS,Dang-Gui-Shao-Yao-San),Kamishoyosan(KS,Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San),Keisibukuryogan(KB,Gui-Zhi-Fu-Ling-Wan)and Tokakujokito(TJ,Tao-He-Cheng-Qi-Tang)were taken once,and then,the cardiovascular functions including blood pressure,heart rate,central arterial blood pressure(CBP)and AI were examined for 60 min.Results:At 40-60 min after an intake,these formulations decreased the AI almost by 6-18%(n=76),by 18.3±3.1%(P<0.01,n=15)with TJ.Simultaneously,the CBP was reduced by 9.0±1.8%(P<0.05,n=23)with KS and by 9.1±2.0%(P<0.05,n=15)with TJ.On the other hands,non-oketsu group had less or no effect by any kinds of the formulations.Conclusion:The anti-oketsu formulations can exert the ameliorative action for oketsu persons via decreasing AI and CBP.
