新时代教育评价体系的价值定位:国际趋势与中国方案

教育评价体系的价值定位是指人们在开展评价过程中遵循的准则、理念或偏好,体现在各领域的评价样态之中。近十年来,发达国家在教育评价改革中存在服务发展、精准刻画、多元参与这三类主要价值定位,我国新时代教育评价改革亦对这些价值导向有所探索。进一步构建新时代具有中国特色的教育评价体系的价值体系,需要构建以学生全面发展为核心的教育评价价值体系,以立德树人为根本遵循统合“服务发展”的价值定位,以开放的态度对待“精准刻画”的技术倡议并加强研究澄清,加强“多元参与导向”的制度化建设。

Assessment of Dependent Performance Shaping Factors in SPAR-H Based on Pearson Correlation Coefficient

With the improvement of equipment reliability,human factors have become the most uncertain part in the system.The standardized Plant Analysis of Risk-Human Reliability Analysis(SPAR-H)method is a reliable method in the field of human reliability analysis(HRA)to evaluate human reliability and assess risk in large complex systems.However,the classical SPAR-H method does not consider the dependencies among performance shaping factors(PSFs),whichmay cause overestimation or underestimation of the risk of the actual situation.To address this issue,this paper proposes a new method to deal with the dependencies among PSFs in SPAR-H based on the Pearson correlation coefficient.First,the dependence between every two PSFs is measured by the Pearson correlation coefficient.Second,the weights of the PSFs are obtained by considering the total dependence degree.Finally,PSFs’multipliers are modified based on the weights of corresponding PSFs,and then used in the calculating of human error probability(HEP).A case study is used to illustrate the procedure and effectiveness of the proposed method.

基于合成场强仪的输电工程地面合成电场研究

高压直流(DC)输电线路交叉跨越是我国特高压(UHV)技术发展中出现的问题。由于两回DC线路相互影响,交叉跨越区域内合成电场呈复杂的三维分布,UHV DC输电工程地面合成电场计算较为困难。选取典型±800 kV UHV DC输电工程进行地面合成电场的实测研究。参照GB 39220—2020,采用HDEM-01合成场强仪进行野外现场实测。测量参数为有效期内的场磨传感器上积聚的电荷量。测量结果与运行初期实测数据的对比结果表明:±800 kV换流站周边运行初期合成电场强度略低于后期,且整体水平较低;沿线电磁环境敏感目标运行初期、后期的实测数据中,74%的数值小于5 kV/m。通过此次研究,明确了UHV DC输电工程合成电场不同时期的特性。该研究有助于推进UHV DC输电工程的快速建成,并提高其运行安全性,从而推动电力工程建设的发展。

Evolutionary history shapes variation of wood density of tree species across the world

The effect of evolutionary history on wood density variation may play an important role in shaping variation in wood density,but this has largely not been tested.Using a comprehensive global dataset including 27,297 measurements of wood density from 2621 tree species worldwide,we test the hypothesis that the legacy of evolutionary history plays an important role in driving the variation of wood density among tree species.We assessed phylogenetic signal in different taxonomic(e.g.,angiosperms and gymnosperms)and ecological(e.g.,tropical,temperate,and boreal)groups of tree species,explored the biogeographical and phylogenetic patterns of wood density,and quantified the relative importance of current environmental factors(e.g.,climatic and soil variables)and evolutionary history(i.e.,phylogenetic relatedness among species and lineages)in driving global wood density variation.We found that wood density displayed a significant phylogenetic signal.Wood density differed among different biomes and climatic zones,with higher mean values of wood density in relatively drier regions(highest in subtropical desert).Our study revealed that at a global scale,for angiosperms and gymnosperms combined,phylogeny and species(representing the variance explained by taxonomy and not direct explained by long-term evolution process)explained 84.3%and 7.7%of total wood density variation,respectively,whereas current environment explained 2.7%of total wood density variation when phylogeny and species were taken into account.When angiosperms and gymnosperms were considered separately,the three proportions of explained variation are,respectively,84.2%,7.5%and 6.7%for angiosperms,and 45.7%,21.3%and 18.6%for gymnosperms.Our study shows that evolutionary history outpaced current environmental factors in shaping global variation in wood density.

An Improved CREAM Model Based on DS Evidence Theory and DEMATEL

Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method(CREAM)is widely used in human reliability analysis(HRA).It defines nine common performance conditions(CPCs),which represent the factors thatmay affect human reliability and are used to modify the cognitive failure probability(CFP).However,the levels of CPCs are usually determined by domain experts,whichmay be subjective and uncertain.What’smore,the classicCREAMassumes that the CPCs are independent,which is unrealistic.Ignoring the dependence among CPCs will result in repeated calculations of the influence of the CPCs on CFP and lead to unreasonable reliability evaluation.To address the issue of uncertain information modeling and processing,this paper introduces evidence theory to evaluate the CPC levels in specific scenarios.To address the issue of dependence modeling,the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory(DEMATEL)method is used to process the dependence among CPCs and calculate the relative weights of each CPC,thus modifying the multiplier of the CPCs.The detailed process of the proposed method is illustrated in this paper and the CFP estimated by the proposed method is more reasonable.

Global patterns and ecological drivers of taxonomic and phylogenetic endemism in angiosperm genera

Endemism of lineages lies at the core of understanding variation in community composition among geographic regions because it reflects how speciation,extinction,and dispersal have influenced current distributions.Here,we investigated geographic patterns and ecological drivers of taxonomic and phylogenetic endemism of angiosperm genera across the world.We identify centers of paleo-endemism and neo-endemism of angiosperm genera,and show that they are mostly located in the Southern Hemisphere in tropical and subtropical regions,particularly in Asia and Australia.Different categories of phylogenetic endemism centers can be differentiated using current climate conditions.Current climate,historical climate change,and geographic variables together explained~80%of global variation in taxonomic and phylogenetic endemism,while 42-46%,1%,and 15%were independently explained by these three types of variables,respectively.Thus our findings show that past climate change,current climate,and geography act together in shaping endemism,which are consistent with the findings of previous studies that higher temperature and topographic heterogeneity promote endemism.Our study showed that many centers of phylogenetic endemism of angiosperms,including regions in Amazonia,Venezuela,and west-central tropical Africa that have not previously been identified as biodiversity hotspots,are missed by taxon-based measures of endemism,indicating the importance of including evolutionary history in biodiversity assessment.

Strong evidence for latitudinal diversity gradient in mosses across the world

Species richness generally decreases with increasing latitude,a biodiversity gradient that has long been considered as one of the few laws in ecology.This latitudinal diversity gradient has been observed in many major groups of organisms.In plants,the latitudinal diversity gradient has been observed in vascular plants,angiosperms,ferns,and liverworts.However,a conspicuous latitudinal diversity gradient in mosses at a global or continental scale has not been observed until now.Here,we analyze a comprehensive data set including moss species in each band of 20° in latitude worldwide.Our results show that moss species richness decreases strongly with increasing latitude,regardless of whether the globe is considered as a whole or different longitudinal segments(e.g.,Old World versus New World) are considered separately.This result holds when variation in area size among latitudinal bands is taken into account.Pearson's correlation coefficient between latitude and species richness is-0.99 for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.Because bryophytes are an extant lineage of early land plants and because mosses not only include most of extant species of bryophytes but also are important constituents of most terrestrial ecosystems,understanding geographic patterns of mosses is particularly important The finding of our study fills a critical knowledge gap.

Research on Condenser Deterioration Evolution Trend Based on ANP-EWM Fusion Health Degree

This study presents a proposed method for assessing the condition and predicting the future status of condensers operating in seawater over an extended period.The aim is to address the problems of scaling and corrosion,which lead to increased loss of cold resources.The method involves utilising a set of multivariate feature parameters associated with the condenser as input for evaluation and trend prediction.This methodology offers a precise means of determining the optimal timing for condenser cleaning,with the ultimate goal of improving its overall performance.The proposed approach involves the integration of the analytic network process with subjective expert experience and the entropy weightmethod with objective big data analysis to develop a fusion health degreemodel.The mathematical model is constructed quantitatively using the improved Mahalanobis distance.Furthermore,a comprehensive prediction model is developed by integrating the improved Informer model and Markov error correction.This model takes into account the health status of the equipment and several influencing factors,includingmultivariate feature characteristics.This model facilitates the objective examination and prediction of the progression of equipment deterioration trends.The present study involves the computation and verification of the field time series data,which serves to demonstrate the accuracy of the condenser health-related models proposed in this research.These models effectively depict the real condition and temporal variations of the equipment,thus offering a valuable method for determining the precise cleaning time required for the condenser.

养胃颗粒质量标准研究

目的 建立养胃颗粒的质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法定性鉴别制剂中的黄芪、延胡索、威灵仙、连翘、枳实、甘草;采用高效液相色谱法测定芍药苷的含量,色谱柱为Dikma Diamonsil C_(18)柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长为230 nm,进样量为10μL。结果 薄层色谱分离效果良好,特征斑点显色清晰,且阴性对照无干扰。芍药苷色谱峰分离完全,保留时间为12.204 min;质量浓度在5~100μg/mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 7,n=6);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验结果的RSD均低于2.0%;平均加样回收率为98.16%,RSD为0.67%(n=6)。结论 所建立的方法简便灵敏、专属性强、重复性好、结果准确,可用于养胃颗粒的质量控制。

基于马尔科夫链模型的特高压输电线路工频电磁场监测方法

针对当前方法的特高压输电线路电磁监测误差大问题,设计基于马尔科夫链模型的工频电磁场监测方法。结合特高压输电线路环境和最大导线弧垂点布置线路工频电磁场测点,然后采用超限学习机网络模型设计传感数据修正技术,去除数据中干扰信息,并引入有限长模拟线电荷法以及毕奥-萨瓦定律计算输电导线三维电磁场分布,最后运用马尔科夫链模型定义工频电磁场状态转移矩阵,得到准确的监测结果。实验结果显示:所提方法的电场监测相对误差降低了21%、25%,磁场监测相对误差降低了0.24%、0.27%。

PDCA在临床试验伦理档案管理中的应用

目的探索将PDCA理论应用于优化医院临床试验伦理档案管理的过程。方法通过建立健全的临床试验流程,确定伦理档案管理的目标及要求,提出现阶段伦理档案管理的不足,运用PDCA进行改进。结果将PDCA理论运用到伦理档案管理中,可以及时发现现阶段伦理档案管理制度、管理方法、管理人员的问题所在,促进制度更加完善、管理方法合理精细、管理人员水平提高。结论PDCA循环理论下,实施医院临床试验伦理档案管理能够优化管理流程,提升管理效率。

基于网络药理学的中医药治疗高血压病研究进展

长期的临床实践表明,中医药在高血压病的治疗方面具有显著优势,既能降低患者血压,减轻临床不适症状,还能够增强患者体质,提高生活质量。中医药降压有效成分复杂、作用靶点广泛,其干预疾病的具体靶点和作用机制在分子生物学层面的研究尚不够深入。网络药理学是近年来中医药方面的研究热点,其以网络生物学与系统生物学理论为基础,通过对现有数据的挖掘与利用构建药物与疾病的相互作用网络,得到药物的关键活性成分,预测药物的作用靶点和可能的作用机制。文章以近年来相关领域文献为基础,总结单味中药、配伍药对、中药复方治疗高血压病的网络药理学研究进展,发现常见的中医药活性成分有山柰酚、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇、木犀草素和槲皮素等,常见的核心靶点有前列腺素内过氧化物合酶2(Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2,PTGS2)、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶1(Akt Serine/Threonine Kinase 1,AKT1)、白蛋白(Albumin,ALB)、表皮生长因子受体(Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor,EGFR)、细胞肿瘤蛋白p53(Tumor Protein p53,TP53)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase,MAPK)和白细胞介素家族等,京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)富集分析多集中在缺氧诱导因子-1(Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1,HIF-1)信号通路、神经活性配体-受体相互作用通路、肿瘤坏死因子(Tumor Necrosis Factor,TNF)信号通路、钙信号通路、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases,PI3K)-蛋白激酶B(Akt)通路和流体剪应力与动脉粥样硬化等信号通路,表明中医药治疗高血压病多与抑制炎症反应、舒张血管、降低血液黏稠度等机制密切相关,也与抗氧化应激、调节内分泌有关。对既往文献进行总结,以期为后续开展中医药治疗高血压病的机制研究提供相关参考。

cTfh细胞对乙型肝炎疫苗长期免疫的调控作用

目的分析主要辅助B细胞的是滤泡辅助性T(TfhB)细胞对乙型肝炎疫苗长期免疫的调控作用,以提升疫苗免疫应答,遏制乙型肝炎传播。方法经医院伦理学会批准,选择东莞市莞城医院2017年至2019年诊治的乙型肝炎疫苗接种者100例。采用随机数字分组法将其分成对照组和观察组,均50例。对照组患者接受常规乙型肝炎疫苗注射方案。观察组患者使用20μg重组乙型肝炎疫苗(含c Tfh细胞)。比较两组接种者免疫应答情况、乙型肝炎表面抗体(HBsAb)浓度、外周血c Tfh细胞和B细胞、浆细胞和记忆性B细胞含量。结果观察组患者中或强免疫应答率高于对照组(P<0.05),弱或无应答率低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组在接种后14、28 d HBsAb浓度高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组接种者在接种14、28 d的cTfh细胞含量高于对照组(P<0.05),B细胞含量低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组接种者在接种14、28 d的浆细胞含量多于对照组(P<0.05),记忆性B细胞含量低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论cTfh细胞能提升乙型肝炎疫苗长期免疫的调控作用,促使机体免疫应答,增加HBsAb浓度,建议使用。

亚洲型股骨近端髓内钉(APFN)与抗旋股骨近端髓内钉(PFNA)治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的疗效比较

目的对比亚洲型股骨近端髓内钉(asian type proximal femoral nail,APFN)与抗旋股骨近端髓内钉(proximal femoral nail antirotation,PFNA)治疗老年股骨转子间骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析2018年4月—2021年9月连云港市中医院诊治的老年股骨转子间骨折患者96例的临床资料,以不同手术方案分组,对照组56例采用PFNA治疗,治疗组40例采用APFN治疗。对比两组手术相关指标,关节功能评分,疼痛情况及术后并发症指标。结果治疗组术中失血量、透视次数、住院时间均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组术后3、6个月髋关节功能评分量表(Harris Hip Score,HHS)评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组并发症发生率(7.50%)明显低于对照组(23.21%),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.149,P<0.05)。结论与PFNA内固定比较,采用APFN治疗老年股骨转子间骨折可有效减少术中失血和透视次数,缩短住院时间,促进髋关节功能恢复,减轻患者术后疼痛,且安全性高。

滇东矿区矿井水害音频电透视探测技术研究与实践

针对我国西南地区煤田水文地质条件复杂,煤矿水害的探测技术研究与实践不足的问题,开展了音频电透视探测技术在滇东矿区的研究与实践。研究了音频电透视探测技术的理论基础、技术特点、施工方法等;在滇东能源雨汪煤矿一井采煤工作面开展了音频电透视探测技术的工程实践,可靠地探测到了采煤工作面内部及其顶底板100 m高度范围内富水区、地质构造带等地质异常体的位置、分布及含水性强弱等,经钻探验证,探测成果可靠性高,为雨汪煤矿一井采煤工作面水害防治工作提供了可靠的地质依据,音频电透视探测技术为雨汪煤矿一井精准治理矿井水害,实现绿色安全开采提供了技术支撑,研究与实践取得的音频电透视法视电导率值等参数,填补了滇东矿区音频电透视探测技术研究与实践的空白,可为类似地质条件下矿井水文地质条件分析提供借鉴,具有一定的理论和现实意义。

U.PhyloMaker: An R package that can generate large phylogenetic trees for plants and animals

The previously released packages of the PhyloMaker series(i.e.S.PhyloMaker,V.PhyloMaker,and V.PhyloMaker2) have been broadly used to generate phylogenetic trees for ecological and biogeographical studies.Although these packages can be used to generate phylogenetic trees for any groups of plants and animals for which megatrees are available,they focus on generating phylogenetic trees for plants based on the megatrees provided by the packages.How to use these packages to generate phylogenetic trees based on other megatrees is not straightforward.Here,we present a new tool,which is called ‘U.PhyloMaker’,and a simple R script that can be used to easily generate large phylogenetic trees for both plants and animals at a relatively fast speed.

U.Taxonstand:An R package for standardizing scientific names of plants and animals

The scientific names of organisms are key identifiers of plants and animals.Correctly treating scientific names is a prerequisite for biodiversity research and documentation.Here,we present an R package,’U.Taxonstand’,which can standardize and harmonize scientific names in plant and animal species lists at a fast speed and at a high rate of matching success.Unlike most of other similar R packages each of which works with only one taxonomic database,U.Taxonstand can work with all taxonomic databases,as long as they are properly formatted.Multiple databases for plants and animals that can be directly used by U.Taxonstand,which include bryophytes,vascular plants,amphibians,birds,fishes,mammals,and reptiles,are available online.U.Taxonstand can be a very useful tool for botanists,zoologists,ecologists and biogeographers to standardize and harmonize scientific names of organisms.

Global patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of flowering plants: Biodiversity hotspots and coldspots

Species diversity of angiosperms(flowering plants) varies greatly among regions.Geographic patterns of variation in species diversity are shaped by the interplay of ecological and evolutionary processes.Here,using a comprehensive data set for regional angiosperm floras across the world,we show geographic patterns of taxonomic(species) diversity,phylogenetic diversity,phylogenetic dispersion,and phylogenetic deviation(i.e.,phylogenetic diversity after accounting for taxonomic diversity) across the world.Phylogenetic diversity is strongly and positively correlated with taxonomic diversity;as a result,geographic patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity across the world are highly similar.Areas with high taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity are located in tropical regions whereas areas with low taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity are located in temperate regions,particularly in Eurasia and North America,and in northern Africa.Similarly,phylogenetic dispersion is,in general,higher in tropical regions and lower in temperate regions.However,the geographic pattern of phylogenetic deviation differs substantially from those of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic dispersion.As a result,hotspots and coldspots of angiosperm diversity identified based on taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic dispersion are incongruent with those identified based on phylogenetic deviations.Each of these metrics may be considered when selecting areas to be protected for their biodiversity.

Intercontinental comparison of phylogenetic relatedness in introduced plants at the transition from naturalization to invasion:A case study on the floras of South Africa and China

Invasive species may pose significant threats to biodiversity and ecosystem structure and functioning.The number of introduced species that have become invasive is substantial and is rapidly increasing.Identifying potentially invasive species and preventing their expansion are of critical importance in invasion ecology.Phylogenetic relatedness between invasive and native species has been used in predicting invasion success.Previous studies on the phylogenetic relatedness of plants at the transition from naturalization to invasion have shown mixed results,which may be because different methods were used in different studies.Here,I use the same method to analyze two comprehensive data sets from South Africa and China,using two phylogenetic metrics reflecting deep and shallow evolutionary histories,to address the question whether the probability of becoming invasive is higher for naturalized species distantly related to the native flora.My study suggests that the probability of becoming invasive is higher for naturalized species closely related to the native flora.The finding of my study is consistent with Darwin's preadaptation hypothesis.

Patterns of phylogenetic relatedness of non-native plants across the introduction-naturalization-invasion continuum in China

Human activities have caused the exchange of species among different parts of the world.When introduced species become naturalized and invasive,they may cause great negative impacts on the environment and human societies,and pose significant threats to biodiversity and ecosystem structure.Knowledge on phylogenetic relatedness between native and non-native species and among non-native species at different stages of species invasion may help for better understanding the drivers of species invasion.Here,I analyze a comprehensive data set including both native and non-native angiosperm species in China to determine phylogenetic relatedness of introduced species across a full invasion continuum(from introduction through naturalization to invasion).This study found that(1) introduced plants are a phylogenetically clustered subset of overall(i.e.native plus non-native) angiosperm flora,(2) naturalized plants are a phylogenetically clustered subset of introduced plants,and(3) invasive plants are a phylogenetically clustered subset of naturalized plants.These patterns hold regardless of spatial scales examined(i.e.national versus provincial scale) and whether basal-or tip-weighted metric of phylogenetic relatedness is considered.These findings are consistent with Darwin's preadaptation hypothesis.